1. Psychology 3051 Psychology 305: Theories of Personality Lecture 10

2. 2 Scoring Your Questionnaire In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 7 scores. For each score, sum the number of “YES” responses for the items listed below. Score 1: Items 1, 19, 25, 30, 37, 44, 58, 60, 68, 80, 84. Score 2: Items 2, 12, 15, 23, 29, 34, 42, 50, 61, 66, 69, 76, 78, 83. Score 3: Items 3, 9, 11, 14, 21, 26, 39, 48, 51, 54, 56, 62, 71, 72, 77. Score 4: Items 4, 10, 18, 28, 32, 40, 45, 49, 57, 64, 70, 74. Score 5: Items 5, 16, 22, 31, 38, 43, 53, 75, 79, 85. Score 6: Items 6, 8, 20, 24, 33, 36, 47, 55, 63, 65, 82, 86. Score 7: Items 7, 13, 17, 27, 35, 41, 46, 52, 59, 67, 73, 81.

3. Psychology 3053 Announcement Please note that the grades for the first exam are now posted on the course website. The mean score on the exam was 71% (SD=14%, range=24%-96%). If you would like to review your exam, please see David during his office hours or contact David to schedule an appointment to meet.

4. Psychology 3054 Questions That Will be Answered in Today’s Lecture Lecture 10 Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality, continued 2.According to psychoanalytic theory: (c) what are the major stages of personality development? (continued) 3. What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? 4. According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety?

5. Psychology 3055 4. Latency Stage  6 years – puberty.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  Sexual impulses, however, are less pronounced during this stage. Children direct energy towards learning and peer group activities.  There are no specific conflicts at this time. This stage is one of relative calm, in which there is little psychological growth. According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the major stages of personality development? (continued)

6. Psychology 3056 5. Genital Stage  Puberty – adulthood.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  There are no specific conflicts at this time. Freud described this stage as an ideal, as the stage of “psychosexual maturity.”  Sexual impulses are largely expressed through mutually gratifying sexual interactions with other individuals.

7. Psychology 3057 What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? Freud described anxiety as an objectless fear—that is, as a feeling of fear that often does not have an obvious cause. Freud maintained that our first experience of anxiety occurs at birth: the newborn experiences fear that his/her id impulses won’t be satisfied. Freud believed that, in adult life, this infantile fear is reenacted whenever the ego is threatened.

8. Psychology 3058 Freud proposed 3 types of anxiety: 1. Reality Anxiety  Also referred to as objective anxiety.  Involves a fear of tangible dangers in the real world. Thus, reflects a conflict between the ego and the constraints of external reality.  E.g., fear of wild animals, speeding cars, burning buildings.

9. Psychology 3059 2. Neurotic Anxiety  Involves a fear of being punished for attempting to gratify or express id impulses.  Reflects a conflict between the id and the ego.  Stems from childhood experiences of punishment associated with the gratification or expression of id impulses.

10. Psychology 30510 3. Moral Anxiety  Involves a fear of one’s own conscience (i.e., retaliation by the superego).  Reflects a conflict between the ego and the superego.  Is subjectively experienced as guilt or shame.

11. Psychology 30511 Freud maintained that anxiety serves an important function: It warns the individual that the ego is under threat. The ego can protect itself by (a) removing itself from the threatening situation, (b) inhibiting the expression of id impulses, and/or (c) adhering to the moral codes of the conscience. If these rational strategies are not feasible, the ego may employ one or more irrational strategies, referred to as defense mechanisms.

12. Psychology 30512 According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety? Although Freud postulated several defense mechanisms, he maintained that all defense mechanisms share 2 characteristics: 1. All defense mechanisms involve the denial or distortion of reality. 2. All defense mechanisms operate in the unconscious mind.

13. Psychology 30513 Freud identified numerous defense mechanisms: 1. Repression  Occurs when desires, impulses, and events that were once recognized by the conscious mind are forced into the unconscious mind because they are highly threatening.

14. Psychology 30514  Sometimes referred to as “motivated forgetting.”  E.g., Repression of childhood sexual abuse. Williams, 1994: Found that 38% of women who were documented victims of childhood sexual abuse did not recall the abuse.

15. Psychology 30515  Moreover, he argued that repressed information manifests itself through “slips of the tongue,” dreams, and other defense mechanisms.  Freud maintained that repression is the most fundamental and frequently used defense mechanism.

16. Psychology 30516 2. Denial  Occurs when an individual denies the reality of information that is highly threatening, despite evidence to the contrary. Thus, the information is never consciously accepted.  E.g., Smoking despite evidence linking this behaviour to illness and premature death.

17. Psychology 30517 3. Projection  Occurs when an individual “projects” (i.e., attributes) unconscious, unacceptable qualities onto an external object, typically another person.  E.g., Paranoid personality disorder.

18. Psychology 30518 4. Reaction Formation  Occurs when an individual behaves in a manner that is the direct opposite of his/her unconscious, unacceptable impulses.  Reactive behaviour can be identified by its exaggerated character and its obsessive and compulsive form.

19. Psychology 30519  E.g., Adam, Wright, & Lohr, 1996: Recruited self-identified heterosexual males. Found that participants who were high in homophobia showed a greater increase in penile erection than participants who were low in homophobia. Had participants: (a) complete measures of homophobia and (b) view male homosexual erotic stimuli.

20. Psychology 30520 5. Displacement  Occurs when an individual redirects an unconscious, unacceptable impulse to another object. The “substitute” object is less threatening than the object toward which the impulse was originally directed.  E.g., Redirection of aggressive impulses from one’s employer to one’s child.

21. Psychology 30521 6. Rationalization  Occurs when an individual provides a rational post-hoc explanation for a behaviour that was motivated by unconscious, unacceptable impulses.  E.g., Justification of tax evasion by arguing that the government “wastes money.”

22. Psychology 30522 7. Intellectualization  Occurs when an individual emotionally dissociates from unconscious, unacceptable impulses by thinking about events related to the impulse in a cold, analytical manner.  Also known as “isolation of affect.”  E.g., Seeking factual information about the prevalence of rape and the psychology of rapists after an attack.

23. Psychology 30523 8. Regression  Occurs when an individual abandons mature coping strategies and adopts a strategy that was effective in an earlier stage of development. Thus, the individual retreats to more immature patterns of behaviour and gratification.  E.g., Overeating when confronted by a stressor.

24. Psychology 30524 9. Identification  Occurs when an individual incorporates another person’s values, opinions, ideas, and skills as a whole, “taking in” the other person’s personality.  E.g., Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex

25. Psychology 30525 10. Sublimation  Occurs when an individual channels unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially desirable activities.  E.g., The work of a surgeon or mortician.

26. Psychology 30526  Thought to be the most adaptive defense mechanism. Indeed, Freud believed that some of humankind’s greatest achievements are the result of sublimation.  Psychoanalytic theory would predict that, as society becomes increasingly sexually liberated, art, creativity, and civilization will disintegrate.

27. Psychology 30527 Exercise: Which defense mechanism is being used in each of the following scenarios? 1. Bob has learned that his wife of 15 years, Lisa, has been having an affair with another man. Moreover, Lisa has told Bob that she wants a divorce and plans to seek custody of their 2 children. Devastated by the information that he has received from Lisa, Bob storms out of the house and goes to the neighborhood bar. At the bar, Bob orders drink after drink, until he passes out. Defense mechanism: Regression.

28. Psychology 30528 2. U.S. Congressman Gary Condit, a Democrat who promoted a “family values” agenda, grew up in the Bible Belt as the son of a Baptist minister. An evangelical Christian, he co-sponsored legislation to post the Ten Commandments in public buildings, and he publicly scolded former President Clinton for withholding information about his extramarital affair with Monica Lewinsky. After the disappearance of a young woman who had been an intern in Washington, Condit admitted that he had recently had an affair with her. This incident ended his political career. Defense mechanism: Reaction formation

29. Psychology 30529 3. When terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, over 3,000 civilians were killed. Authorities assumed that many of the missing were vaporized by the extreme temperatures. Days after the incident, reporters began to ask bereaved relatives if they had lost hope of finding their loved ones. In response to this question, the wife of a missing office worker stated that she still had confidence that she would find her husband and that everything would turn out fine. Defense mechanism: Denial

30. Psychology 30530 4. While in high school, Justin was tormented by his classmates. He was constantly teased and often threatened with physical harm. He frequently hid in the boys’ washroom or ate lunch at home in order to avoid further humiliation and the scorn of his classmates. Several years later, while undergoing therapy for extreme anxiety, Justin’s therapist asked him to describe his high school experiences. Justin simply replied “High school was fine. Nothing particularly traumatic happened to me at that time of my life.” Defense mechanism: Repression.

31. Psychology 30531 5. For many months, Jack and his co-worker, Beatrice have engaged in flirtation. Jack has often thought about what it would be like to pursue a relationship with Beatrice. Indeed, over the past few weeks, he has found himself frequently fantasizing about engaging in an extramarital affair with Beatrice. Jack’s wife is planning to go out of town, giving Jack the perfect opportunity to pursue the affair. However, when Jack’s wife leaves, Jack does not pursue the affair. Instead, he engages in a series of household repairs that he has wanted to complete for some time. Defense mechanism: Sublimation.

32. Psychology 30532 6.Sheila has had a problem with drinking for years. She starts drinking early in the day, has several drinks by midday, and frequents bars in the evenings. She has had several instances in which she has experienced “black outs” after drinking. One evening, Sheila’s friend confronts her about her problem. Sheila does not appear to recognize the gravity of her friend’s concerns. In response to her friend’s concerns, Sheila replies “I'm not hurting anyone else. I work hard and deserve to drink. It relaxes me. If I wanted to, I could quit any time I feel like it.” Defense mechanism: Rationalization.

33. Psychology 30533 7.Tammy is a visible minority living in a largely “white” neighborhood. As a child, she was frequently teased. The taunting that she was subjected to made her feel horrible. Indeed, for much of her childhood, she wished that she was “white” and attempted to disassociate herself from her ethnic group. Years later, as a late adolescent, Tammy accepted the fact that she would never be “white.” She came to believe that “white” people would never accept her. Moreover, she came to believe that “all white people, even those who are outwardly kind, intensely dislike people of colour.” Defense mechanism: Projection.

34. Psychology 30534 8. Dawn has just learned from her doctor that she has HIV. After leaving the doctor’s office, Dawn goes to the library to obtain information regarding the course and treatment of her illness. After returning home, she contacts several community health organizations searching for further information. After having exhausted these resources, she spends several hours on the internet, downloading articles regarding HIV and AIDS. After falling asleep at her computer, Dawn awakes only to resume her search for information regarding her condition. Defense mechanism: Intellectualization.

35. Psychology 30535 9. Tina is attracted to her best friend’s fiancé, Mark. One night, while out with friends, Tina observes Mark passionately kiss his fiancé. Soon thereafter, Tina approaches Mark’s brother, who is single, and begins to flirt with him. After several hours of flirting with Mark’s brother, Tina asks him if he will go home with her. He accepts, and the two spend the night together. Defense mechanism: Displacement.

36. Psychology 30536 10. Laura is an inner-city adolescent, with few resources and seemingly limited opportunities. She is overwhelmed by anxiety about the future. After seeing a Miley Cyrus music video, Laura begins researching Cyrus, buying her albums, reading biographical reports on Cyrus, and dressing and speaking like the pop star. Laura becomes convinced that, one day, she too will achieve the fame and fortune that Cyrus has achieved. Defense mechanism: Identification.

37. 37 Your Questionnaire: The Life Styles Index Plutchik et al., 1979; Conte & Apter, 1995, Tori & Emavarchana, 1998 Score 1:Tendency to use denial Score 2:Tendency to use regression Score 3:Tendency to use intellectualization Score 4: Score 5: Score 6: Score 7: Tendency to use reaction formation Tendency to use repression Tendency to use projection Tendency to use displacement

38. 38 DEFENSE MECHANISM MAXIMUM POSSIBLE SCORE MEAN FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS MEAN FOR SCHIZOPHRENICS p VALUE Denial113.044.55<.01 Regression146.938.24ns Intellectualization159.5614.10<.001 Reaction Formation 122.266.41<.001 Repression104.248.17<.001 Projection125.266.76<.01 Displacement122.193.21<.05 Mean Score for Each Defense Mechanism: College Students Compared with Schizophrenics Plutchik et al., 1979

39. 39 DEFENSE MECHANISM CORRELATION WITH SELF- ESTEEM a p VALUECORRELATION WITH ANXIETY b p VALUE Denial.23ns-.35<.01 Regression-.52<.01.48<.01 Intellectualization-.40<.01.42<.01 Reaction Formation.09ns.35<.01 Repression-.25ns.23ns Projection-.31<.05.57<.01 Displacement-.22ns.34<.O5 Correlations of Ego Defenses with Self-Esteem and Anxiety Plutchik et al., 1979 a Tennessee Self Concept Scale; b Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale

40. Psychology 30540 Questions That Were Answered in Today’s Lecture Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality, continued 2.According to psychoanalytic theory: (c) what are the major stages of personality development? (continued) 3. What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? 4. According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety?