1. An Age of Explorations and Isolation
Chapter 19 –
An Age of Explorations and Isolation

2. Section 1 – Europeans Explore the East

3. Europeans lead the Charge
The Renaissance encouraged curiosity
While Europeans knew of outside cultures prior to 1400, they had never shown much interest
Reasons why that changes:
Spread Christianity
Grow wealthy
sailing technology

4. Europeans cut out the middle man
Trading spices and luxury goods had become a very profitable business in Europe
Most of these items came from Asia
Muslims and Italians controlled the trade routes and each hiked up their prices
Needed a sea route directly to Asia

5. Technology and Sailing
In the 1200s, it was nearly impossible to sail 3000 miles and then return to Europe
Ships could not sail against the wind
In the 1400s, technology finally changed that
The caravel allowed sailors to go against the wind
The astrolabe gave captains a way to track their position
The magnetic compass made it possible to track direction

6. Portugal Leads the Way
Already had a shipping tradition because of its location
The government supported exploration
Most support came from Prince Henry, who founded a navigation school
By 1460, Portugal had a series of trading posts along the western coast of Africa
While Bartolomeu Dias had rounded the southern tip of Africa, he immediately had to return, Vasco da Gama would finish the trip, finally reaching India

7. Spain Follows Portugal
In 1492, Columbus convinced the Spanish thrown that he could get to Asia by going west
Succeeds that same year in landing in the Caribbean, mistaking it for Asia
The immediate result was increased tension between Spain and Portugal
The Pope, seeking peace, brokered the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal

8. Building Trading Empires
With a direct link to Asia, there was a rush to establish trading outposts
Portugal led the way by eliminating Muslim control of India and then capturing port cities
Results:
Changed the trading powers (took it away from the Muslims and the Italians)
Greatly decreased the cost of imported goods
Opened European interest in the region

9. Other Nations Challenge for Power
Around 1600, Spain, England, and the Dutch all sought to strengthen their control of the Indian Ocean trade network.
France was involved by 1700
Despite the fact that most of these countries have numerous port cities in Asia, they did not have a major influence on the culture of the region

10. And now… Finish the Chapter 19 Vocabulary
Quiz Wednesday
Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 1 Worksheet (back of notes)
Check grades
Complete the last USA TEST PREP

11. Warm-up #13.1 (Ch. 19.1) Portugal It could sail against the wind
Which country led the way in developing sailing technology in the 1400s?
What made the caravel an important development?
Which European explorer first sailed around the southern tip of Africa?
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Portugal
It could sail against the wind
Bartolomeu Dias
Avoid conflict over new lands

12. Section 2 China Limits European Contacts

13. Ming Dynasty Origins
Began by Hongwu when he drove the Mongols out in 1368
Hongwu sought to return China to its traditional past, kicking out all traces of Mongol control
Encouraged Confucian standards
Used the civil service exam system
Around 1400, Hongwu died, causing a power struggle that is eventually won by his son, Yonglo
Yonglo continued his father’s policies + he had a curiosity of the outside world

14. Zheng He and the Voyages
Ordered by Yonglo, admiral Zheng He will lead all seven of the Great Voyages
Travelled from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa and carried everything a city would have (soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors, religious leaders)
The missions displayed China’s great wealth but were deemed a waste of resources (cost) and stopped in (first voyage was in 1405)

15. Relations with Foreign Countries
During the 1500s, the Ming Dynasty banned foreign trade
Only the government was supposed to trade with foreigners (this created a huge black market)
China will fail to industrialize
Confucian morals did not approve of commerce
Favored agriculture over manufacturing by taxing manufactured goods at a much higher rate

16. The Manchus By 1600, the Mings were losing control
Northeast of the Great Wall lies Manchuria. In 1644, the people of the region take down the Ming Dynasty
Established a Chinese Dynasty (Qing) that will rule until 1912

17. Establishing Control
Initially, the Qing Dynasty was unpopular, being viewed as outsiders
Eventually built up respect by upholding Chinese customs (Confucianism) and establishing peace and prosperity
Kangxi will be the longest reigning emperor in history. Hugely popular, he will establish peace and stability in the region.

18. Qing vs European Influence
Being the center of the universe, Chinese leaders required outsiders to follow their customs
Portugal did this and had great success in China
Great Britain had problems with Chinese restrictions and will lead European powers to chip away at the Qing powerhold

19. Life in China under the Ming and Qing
With the discovery of irrigation and fertilizer around the 1600s, food production increased with led to the first population explosion in China
Males become important to securing the families future
Many female infants were killed

20. And now… Finish the Chapter 19 Vocabulary
Quiz tomorrow
Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 1 Worksheet (back of notes)
Check grades
Complete the last USA TEST PREP

21. Warm-up #13.2 (Ch. 19.2) Civilians could not trade with outsiders
What was China’s trade policy in the 1500s?
Who led the seven Chinese overseas explorations?
How did Confucian ideals affect China’s development?
Civilians could not trade with outsiders
Zheng He
It prevented industrialization

22. Section 3 Japan Returns to Isolation

23. Warring States Period
From , Japan entered into a feudal period with lots of local lords (daimyo) preventing one central power
Very similar to European Feudalism
Daimyos built castles and had their own armies
Daimyos fought battles against one another, creating a land of chaos
WH - Chapter 19 Notes

24. Restoring Order
Oda Nobunaga was the first Daimyo to succeed at dominating most of the other Daimyos.
Ruled by force
While he never succeeded at unifying all of Japan, he set a foundation for his general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi
After controlling most of Japan, Hideyoshi he invaded Korea with the intention of going to China next. He died before that could happen.

25. Tokugawa Shogunate
An ally of Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu unified all of Japan and became the sole ruler and founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate
Local control still fell to the daimyos but Ieyasu used an “alternate attendance policy” to keep them in line.
Every other year the daimyo had to spend in the capital
Families must live in the capital at all times

26. Tokugawa Society
Introduced stability, prosperity, and isolation to Japan
More food led to an increase in population
Society was extremely structured
Emperor (figurehead) – shogun – daimyo – warriors – artisans/peasants (80%) – merchants (moved up as the economy grew)
Confucian ideals were central to Japanese society
Cities became more common
Traditional entertainment began being challenged by new styles of literature and art
Haikus (poetry) and kabuki theater became popular

27. Europe and Japan
First interaction was with Portugal in 1543 as a result of a Portuguese shipwreck
The Japanese were most interested in Portuguese firearms since they were in the middle of the Warring States Period
In 1549, Christian missionaries began showing up
Gained 300,000 converts by 1600
Fearing uprisings and political influence, Ieyasu banned Christianity
A rebellion, led by many Christians, led to the persecution of Christians and the emphasis of Buddhism

28. Closed Country Policy
Started with Christian but by applied to merchants as well.
Still allowed for some trade with the Dutch and China
For 200 years, nobody could get in or out of Japan

29. And now… Study for Chapter 19 Vocab Quiz
Flashcards
Complete the Chapter 19 – Section 3 Worksheet (back of notes)
Chapter 20 Vocab Xword
Complete the last USA TEST PREP

30. Chinese Europe Hongwu Ming Qing Yonglo Japanese Zheng He Kangxi Henry
Da Gama
Dias
Japanese
Hideyoshi
Nobunaga