1. LECTURE 13: POPULATION ECOLOGY & ECOSYSTEM

2. BASIC GENETICS AND INHERITANCE 1.Introduction 2.Basic Genetics & Inheritance –Gene –Chromosome –Loci –Allele –Features –Gametes –Zygote –Diploid –Dominant & Recessive –Homozygous –Heterozygous 3.Review 4.Inheritance –Principle of Inheritance –A Punnett square 5.Genetic Problems 6.Genetic engineering

3. Population Ecology

4. Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and their environment Not concerned with individuals Populations - same area, same time Population ecology - looks at the dynamics of populations that are similar between species

5. Population density - number of individuals of a given species in a specific area at a given time Range - geographic area or limit of a population Dispersion - frequency or patterns of individuals within a range: uniform random clumped

6. Population change Growth rate = births - deaths +immigration - emigration Doubling rate (time it takes for a population to double) = 0.7/growth rate (see page 911) Biotic potential = maximum rate of population growth given ideal circumstances

7. Limits on growth Environmental resistance - combination of the limiting factors and effects Limiting Factors - any resource or requirement that acts to limit population when in short supply Carrying capacity (K) - the greatest population that can be maintained indefinitely by a given system or place

8. Density dependent factors As population increases the rate of growth is slowed by density dependent factors either by increasing the death rate or decreasing the birth rate predation, disease, intraspecifc (within a species) competition and interspecific competition

9. Density independent factors Weather events natural disasters

10. Survival tactics - reproduction r strategies - (r = growth rate) - small body size, large brood, short life span, may be opportunistic and found in disturbed or variable environments K strategies - (K=carrying capacity) - large body small brood, long life, care for young, constant or stable environments

11. Human population growth 1800 human population reaches 1 billion 1930 - in 130 years 2 billion 1960 - in 30 years 3 billion 1975 - in 15 years 4 billion 1987 - in 12 years 5 billion 1999 - in 12 years 6 billion

12. What are the density dependent limits to growth acting on human population?

13. Demographic transition Preindustrial stage - high birth and death rates - slow population growth transitional stage - lower death rate but birth rate remains high - rapid population growth industrial stage - birth rate declines - rate of growth slows post industrial stage - low birth and death rates

14. Communities of organisms Producers - autotrophs Consumers - heterotrophs primary and secondary Decomposers - heterotrophs

15. No organism lives in isolation. Every living thing is part of a community. Predation - pursuit and ambush Defenses - camoflage, chemical defense, mimicry - (batesian mimicry or mullerian mimicry)

16. Mutualism A symbiotic relationship both partners benefit –rhizobium bacteria and plants –pilot fish and sharks?

17. Commensalism One benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped –epiphytes –sea ducks and sting rays

18. Parasitism Parasite and host pathogen - parasite that causes disease

19. Niche The ecological role of an organism is its niche fundamental niche- potential niche realized niche- actual interspecific competition leads to competitive exclusion - absolute overlap cannot exist in nature

20. Diversity in communities Isolated or places with harsh environments have less diversity edge effect - diversity is usually greatest at the margins old communities (tropical rainforests) tend to be more diverse than new communities (Canadian shield, artic)

21. Succession Primary succession - change in species composition over time in a habitat not previously inhabited by organisms Pioneer community - first community to appear Secondary succession - change in species composition over time in a habitat already modified by previous organisms Climax community -

22. Ecosystems and Environment

23. Biogeochemical cycles All materials flow through the environment over time- materials cycle through the environment

24. Energy Energy flows through the environment Sunlight to chlorophyll to photosynthesis to sugars to plant biomass to…. Food chains - energy passes from one organism to another - it is a one way trip- energy passed through the environment in a linear fashion- unlike materials

25. Food chains Trophic levels available energy and biomass decrease at each trophic level Gross primary productivity - rate at which energy is captured and stored in plant tissues Net primary productivity - energy after plant’s requirements

26. Major ecosystems Biomes - large distinct ecosystem –tundra –tiaga or boreal forest –temperate rainforest –temperate deciduous forest –temperate grasslands –chaparral

27. Biomes –Deserts –savanna –tropical rainforests

28. Aquatic ecosystems lakes and ponds –littoral zones - nearest to shore –limnetic zones - open water –profundal zone - no light marine –intertidal - very productive –pelagic - open ocean –euphotic - light is present (100m) –neritic - 100m to 200m –oceanic - no light

29. Stratification in water In summer warm layers on top, colder at the bottom, separated by thermocline in fall, water turns over and some mixing between layers occurs in winter cold at top, warmer at bottom in spring another turnover! Spring turnover stimulates algae growth...

30. Environmental Issues Habitat destruction pollution foreign or exotic species deforestation global warming ozone depletion

31. REVIEW

32. 2. Colorblindness

33. of A heterozygous

34. 3. Sex Determination

35. C The major pieces).

36. Genes

37. 6. Hemophilia

38. 7. Gene Therapy

39. 39 group