1. 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology ? Chapter 1

2. 2 Outline Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Nature and Scope of Ecology

3. 3 Overview of Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Ecosystem: Includes all organisms living in an area, and the physical environment with which these organisms interact.  Biosphere: Highest level of ecological organization.

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5. 5 Fig. 1.1f 交互作用

6. 6 Fig. 1.1h 個體

7. 7 Fig. 1.1g 族群

8. 8 Fig. 1.1e 群落

9. 9 Fig. 1.1d 生態系

10. 10 Fig. 1.1c 地景

11. 11 Fig. 1.1b 地區

12. 12 Fig. 1.1a 生物圈 Evolution （演化） : a process by which populations change over time

13. 13 Ecology of Forest Birds MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A.  Theory predicted two species with identical ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.  Studies found warblers coexisted by feeding in different zones of the same tree.

14. 14 Warbler Feeding Zones 栗頰林鶯橙胸林鶯 黑喉綠林鶯 栗胸林鶯黃腰白喉林鶯

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16. 16 Exploring the rain forest canopy

17. 17 交喙鳥 山雀 五十雀雜色鶇 紅眼雀 知更鳥 郊狼

18. 18 Forest Nutrient Budgets Due to heavy rainfall, many rainforest soils are nutrient-poor.  Nutrient stores in rainforest canopies are associated with epiphytes.  Epiphyte mats （附生植物厚墊） contain significant quantities of nutrients （養分）.  Trees send roots up to epiphyte mats to access nutrients.

19. 19 Forest Nutrient Budgets Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter.  Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in vegetation.  Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.

20. 20 Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales. Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns.  Documented large temporal changes to nearby plant communities.

21. 21 Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments 栗樹 山毛櫸 雲杉

22. 22 Nature and Scope of Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.  Wide variety of approaches.  Large temporal and spatial scales.  Field  Lab  Observational  Manipulative

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24. 24 Review Overview of Ecology Ecology of Forest Birds Forest Nutrient Budgets Vegetation Change: Pollen Records Nature and Scope of Ecology