1. Organic Compounds: The Molecules of Life Any compound containing carbon Any compound containing carbon Also called organic chemistry Also called organic chemistry Four Macromolecules (large molecules): Four Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids

2. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of C has 4 e-’s Outer shell of C has 4 e-’s Can hold 8 e-’s Can hold 8 e-’s Each C atom can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms Each C atom can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms C may form single, double, or triple bonds C may form single, double, or triple bonds

3. Bonding Arrangements Carbon atoms can form chains or rings Carbon atoms can form chains or rings Other atoms project from the carbon backbone Other atoms project from the carbon backbone Glucose (ball-and-stick model)

4. Functional Groups Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone Give organic compounds their different properties Give organic compounds their different properties

5. HYDROXYL METHYL CARBONYL CARBOXYL AMINO PHOSPHATE (alcohol) (aldehyde; —CHO) (nonionized; —COOH) (ionized; —COO – ) (nonionized; —NH 2 ) (ionized; — + NH 3 ) (icon for phosphate group) (ketone; =CO) Examples of Functional Groups

6. Polymers & Monomers Polymers & Monomers Polymer  Polymer  Large molecule (macromolecule) Large molecule (macromolecule) Made up of many small subunits called monomers Made up of many small subunits called monomers Monomer  Monomer  Small molecule that can be linked together to form a large molecule Small molecule that can be linked together to form a large molecule Ex: carbohydrate  polymer simple sugar (glucose)  monomer simple sugar (glucose)  monomer

7. Condensation Reactions or Dehydration Synthesis Form polymers from subunits (monomers) of organic compounds Form polymers from subunits (monomers) of organic compounds Enzymes remove – OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules Enzymes remove – OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules Discarded atoms join to form water Discarded atoms join to form water

8. Hydrolysis A type of cleavage (to break) reaction A type of cleavage (to break) reaction Breaks polymers into smaller units, called monomers Breaks polymers into smaller units, called monomers Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts An – OH group and an H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites An – OH group and an H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites

9. Carbohydrates Ratio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or C 1 H 2 O 1 Ratio is always 1 C: 2 H: 1 O or C 1 H 2 O 1 Functions  Functions  provide energy provide energy Structural support Structural support Energy comes from breaking the C-H bonds Energy comes from breaking the C-H bonds Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Subunit/Building Block is a monosaccharide Aka -- simple sugar Aka -- simple sugar

10. Monosaccharide Building block of carbohydrates Building block of carbohydrates AKA, simple sugar AKA, simple sugar Examples: Examples: Glucose Glucose Fructose Fructose Galactosre Galactosre Ribose Ribose Deoxyribose Deoxyribose

11. Monosaccharide Examples glucose glucose

12. Disaccharide Two monosaccharides that have been linked together Two monosaccharides that have been linked together What type of chemical reaction links them together? What type of chemical reaction links them together? What type of chemical reaction breaks them apart during digestion? What type of chemical reaction breaks them apart during digestion? Examples Examples Sucrose: glucose + fructose Sucrose: glucose + fructose Lactose: glucose + galactose Lactose: glucose + galactose Maltose: glucose + glucose Maltose: glucose + glucose

13. Disaccharide Examples Sucrose Sucrose

14. Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides linked together (usually more than 8) Many monosaccharides linked together (usually more than 8) Some provide energy Some provide energy Starch  plants Starch  plants Glycogen  animals (stored in liver & muscle) Glycogen  animals (stored in liver & muscle) Some provide structural support Some provide structural support Cellulose  plant cell walls Cellulose  plant cell walls Chitin  fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton Chitin  fungi cell walls & insect exoskeleton

15. Polysaccharides Examples Glycogen Glycogen

16. Carbohydrates: Examples Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Simple sugars Simple sugars Glucose, fructose, galactose Glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides Disaccharides Two simple sugars Two simple sugars Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose Polysaccharides Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Glycogen & starch (storage) Glycogen & starch (storage) Chitin & cellulose (structural) Chitin & cellulose (structural) Cellulose fibers in the plant cell wall.

17. Lipids Primary function  store energy Primary function  store energy Contain C, H, and O Contain C, H, and O Contain more C-H bonds than carbs  better energy source Contain more C-H bonds than carbs  better energy source Subunits are… Subunits are… Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Glycerol (containing a hydroxyl group -OH) Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain) Fatty acids (containing a hydrocarbon chain) Combine to form a triglyceride Combine to form a triglyceride

18. Types of Lipids Fats Fats Phospholipids Phospholipids Sterols Sterols Waxes Waxes

19. Monomer - Triglycerides 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol Triglycerides are most common Triglycerides are most common Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex carbs Triglycerides store twice as much energy as complex carbs Unsaturated  one or more double bonds Unsaturated  one or more double bonds Saturated with only single bonds Saturated with only single bonds Glycerol Fatty Acid (saturated) Fatty acid (unsat.)

20. Phospholipids Hydrophobic fatty acid tails Hydrophobic fatty acid tails Head is hydrophillic (orange area) Head is hydrophillic (orange area) b/c it is polar b/c it is polar Main component of cell membranes Main component of cell membranes

21. Sterols 4 fused carbon rings 4 fused carbon rings with functional groups Cholesterol: most common type in animals Cholesterol: most common type in animals Functions include: membrane components and precursors of hormones (testosterone & estrogen) Functions include: membrane components and precursors of hormones (testosterone & estrogen)

22. Waxes Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings Tightly packed long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings All repel water All repel water Found on the outer covering of a leaf (cuticle) Found on the outer covering of a leaf (cuticle)

23. Proteins Subunits are amino acids Subunits are amino acids Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S FunctionExample Structure/supportcollagen Fight infection antibodies (immune system) Transport hemoglobin carries O 2 Catalystenzyme Movement actin & myosin in muscle

24. Amino Acids Consists of… Consists of… Central carbon (brown) Central carbon (brown) Amino group (blue) Amino group (blue) Carboxyl group (orange) Carboxyl group (orange) Hydrogen atom (white) Hydrogen atom (white) R group (green) R group (green) 20 different R groups form 20 different amino acids

25. Linking Amino Acids Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next Condensation reaction/dehydration synthesis links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next Forms a peptide bond between amino acids Forms a peptide bond between amino acids Water forms as a by-product

26. Bonding in Proteins Bonding in Proteins 2 amino acids  dipeptide 2 amino acids  dipeptide More than 2 amino acids  polypeptide More than 2 amino acids  polypeptide DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein or polypeptide chain. DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein or polypeptide chain. Sequence of amino acids is unique to each protein Sequence of amino acids is unique to each protein

27. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Subunits is a nucleotide Subunits is a nucleotide Contains C, H, O, N, and P Contains C, H, O, N, and P Function  store & retrieve heritable information Function  store & retrieve heritable information Examples: DNA, RNA, & ATP Examples: DNA, RNA, & ATP

28. Nucleotides Function  Function  energy carriers energy carriers chemical messengers chemical messengers building blocks of nucleic acids & coenzymes building blocks of nucleic acids & coenzymes Subunits Subunits 1 sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 1 sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 1 phosphate group 1 phosphate group 1 nitrogen containing base 1 nitrogen containing base Adenine (a base) Phosphate group Deoxyribose sugar

29. Examples of Nucleotides ATP: adenosine triphosphate ATP: adenosine triphosphate 3 phosphate groups attached to sugar 3 phosphate groups attached to sugar ATP is an energy carrier important to metabolism ATP is an energy carrier important to metabolism

30. Single strand of RNA sugar phosphate connected by covalent bond base Nitrogen Base

31. DNA