1. AP Biology 2005-2006 Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

2. AP Biology 2005-2006 Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units  polymers  monomers = repeated small units  covalent bonds

3. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction  dehydration synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  1 monomer provides OH  the other monomer provides H  together these form H 2 O  requires energy & enzymes

4. AP Biology 2005-2006 How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis  use H 2 O to break apart monomers  reverse of condensation reaction  H 2 O is split into H and OH  H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be  ex: digestion is hydrolysis

5. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates

6. AP Biology 2005-2006 So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s Diet South Beach Diet

7. AP Biology 2005-2006 Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

8. AP Biology 2005-2006 Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

9. AP Biology 2005-2006 What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde hydroxyl

10. AP Biology 2005-2006 Sugar structure  5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions  in cells! Carbons are numbered

11. AP Biology 2005-2006 Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O

12. AP Biology 2005-2006 Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch

13. AP Biology 2005-2006 Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

14. AP Biology 2005-2006 Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers “Let’s go to the video tape!” (play movie here)play movie here