1. Framework
Prejudice
Negative Contact
Discrimination
Stereotypes

2. Discrimination
Causes of
How to reduce it

3. What is discrimination?
Unequal treatment or behavior toward members of different groups
E.g., Dear White Boss article, Black bosses with black subordinates are more likely to be scrutinized
Qs: Differences in consequences of
Stereotypes vs. prejudice vs. discrimination?

4. What causes discrimination?
Attitudes toward
discrimination
Intention
To discriminate
Discriminatory
Behavior
Subjective Norms
for Discrimination

5. Evaluative thoughts & feelings
What are attitudes?
Evaluative thoughts & feelings
Vs Stereotypes?
Vs. Prejudice?

6. Attitudes Prejudice Stereotypes Evaluations Negative Negative Thoughts
Feelings
Prejudice
Negative Associations
Positive Associations
Stereotypes

7. What affects attitudes toward discrimination?
Belief that discrimination
leads to certain outcomes
Value of outcomes of discrimination
Attitudes toward Discrimination
Intention to discriminate

8. What causes discrimination?
Attitudes toward
discrimination
Intention
To discriminate
Discriminatory
Behavior
Subjective Norms
for Discrimination

9. What are subjective norms?
What do you think other people think/feel about something?
Vs. Attitudes?

10. What affects subjective norms toward discrimination?
Person’s belief that others want person to discriminate
Person’s motivation to comply with others’ wishes
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate

11. Putting it together: What causes discrimination?
Beliefs that discrimination
leads to certain outcomes
Attitudes toward
discrimination
Value of outcomes of
discrimination
Intention
To discriminate
Belief that others want
person to discriminate
Subjective Norm
Motivation to comply
with others’ wishes
Putting it together: What causes discrimination?

12. Discrimination
Causes of
How to reduce it

13. Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior
e.g. expectation of reward for hiring visible minorities
Change Attitudes toward discrimination
Change value of outcomes of discrimination
e.g. lawsuits for discrimination
How to directly change attitudes?

14. Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior
Change awareness of definition & results of discrimination
E.g., Using “weight” as a criterion for hiring can result in lawsuit if “weight” is not established as a BFOQ
Change Attitudes
Change value of outcomes of discrimination
How to indirectly change attitudes?

15. How to directly change subjective norms?
Change norm e.g., CEO’s public behavior
Change person’s motivation to comply with (unchanged) norm
Change perception of norm (awareness)
Subjective Norms for Discrimination
Intention to discriminate

16. Application of model
Change perceptions of costs of discriminating against Gays
E.g., Removal of student from residence hall for repeat offences, or in-admission into residence halls in subsequent years
Attitudes toward gays
Intention to
Discriminate
Against gays
Change belief that others
Approve of discrimination Toward gays
e.g., Popular (influential) students’
beliefs about gay harassment
Subjective Norm to
Discriminate against gays

17. Processes underlying Managing Diversity
Changes in structure, practices, incentives, norms to promote fairness changes behavior and attitudes
Theory of reasoned action
Reinforcement theory
Negative sanctions toward discriminatory behavior reduces it

18. Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Organizational Values
When authority figures emphasize fairness or equality values (e.g., in mission statement) AND follow up with own behavior or implement relevant rules, THEN behavior changes
Theory of reasoned action

19. When behavior changes first….. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Discriminatory
Attitude
Non-discriminatory behavior
Dissonance
Discomfort
Derogate “non-performed” alternative (e.g., attitude)
Change Attitude toward discrimination
to be consistent with behavior

20. Non discriminatory behaviors
e.g., Choose to argue against your position voluntarily; Cooperate w/ outgroup
Discriminatory
Attitude
Dissonance
Insufficient justification
for voluntary behavior
Change Attitude toward discrimination

21. Beliefs that discrimination
leads to certain outcomes
Attitudes toward
discrimination
Value of outcomes of
discrimination
Intention
To discriminate
Belief that others want
person to discriminate
Subjective Norm
Motivation to comply
with others’ wishes