1. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 1 My legacy: A launch pad for exploring neocortex Title, Berkeley Birthday 01-26-07 Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley http://sulcus.berkeley.edu

2. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 2 Sherrington and Fulton

3. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 3 McCulloch and Pribram

4. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 4 Ashby, McCulloch, Grey Walter, Norbert Wiener

5. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 5 EEG, Cat hungry, then satiated

6. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 6 PG PSTH

7. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 7 Complex plane, frequencies and decay rates

8. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 8 Change of scales

9. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 9 Complex plane, Eigenvalues., Laplacian

10. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 10 Complex plane, poles, roots

11. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 11 Complex plane, root loci

12. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 12 PG PSTH

13. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 13 Periglomerular PG root loci

14. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 14 PG Threshold, non-zero point attractor

15. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 15 Pole at the origin of the complex plane

16. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 16 Root loci: Sigmoid curve

17. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 17 Root loci: Sigmoid curve, KIe

18. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 18 PG cells and Chloride Ion

19. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 19 Aquinas, Descartes

20. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 20 An example of intentionality

21. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 21 Root loci: Gain reduction by threshold

22. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 22 Root loci: Pentobarbital

23. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 23 Root loci: Mode 1i

24. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 24 Root loci: PG PSTH and AEP

25. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 25 Root loci: 64 AEP OB from PON

26. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 26 Root loci: Mode 1e

27. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 27 Root loci Mode 2:

28. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 28 Root loci: Sigmoid curve, KIIob

29. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 29 Root loci: Summary of root loci

30. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 30 EEG, Cat hungry, then satiated

31. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 31 Helmholtz, army surgeon, neuroscientist, 1st law of thermodynamics

32. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 32 Charles Darwin 1809-1882 “The involuntary transmission of nerve-force may or may not be accompanied by consciousness. Why the irritation of nerve- cells should generate or liberate nerve- force is not known; but that this is the case seems to be the conclusion arrived at by all the greatest physiologists such as Müller, Virchow, Bernard, and so on.” The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1863) p. 70

33. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 33 J HughlingsJackson

34. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 34 Sigmund Freud NEURODYNAMICS “[My] approach is derived from clinical observations of ‘excessively intense’ ideas in hysteria. … What I have in mind is the principle of neuronic inertia. It finds expression in the hypothesis of a current passing from dendrites to axon. … Memory is made possible by supposing that there are resistances in contacts between the neurons that function as barriers. … The hypothesis of ‘contact-barriers’ is fruitful in many directions.” Sigmund Freud (1893) “The Project of a Scientific Psychology”, pp. 356-359. [Three years later, Foster and Sherrington named the ‘synapse’.]

35. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 35 Gilbert Ryle - Category error

36. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 36 Kohler

37. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 37 Roger Sperry

38. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 38 Thermodynamics

39. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 39 Self-organized criticality - 2

40. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 40 Self-organized criticality - 3

41. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 41 Self-organized criticality - 4

42. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 42 Self-organized criticality - 5

43. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 43 Self-organized criticality - 6

44. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 44 Haken Prigogine

45. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 45 Renyi-Erdos

46. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 46 Penrose, Umezawa

47. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 47 Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty

48. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 48 John von Neumann “Brains lack the arithmetic and logical depth that characterize our computations….” “We require exquisite numerical precision over many logical steps to achieve what brains accomplish in very few short steps.” The Computer and the Brain, 1958, p. 63. John von Neumann

49. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 49 Conclusion Propositions: These “very few short steps” are cortical phase transitions. The tools for describing them are not now in the repertoire of neuroscience. We must forage afield for new tools.

50. Walter J Freeman University of California at Berkeley 50 Acknowledgements Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants to Prof. Robert Kozma from NASA (NCC2-1244) and from NSF (EIA-0130352). EEG and EMG data were collected and edited by Dr. Mark D. Holmes and Dr. Sampsa Vanhatalo, the EEG Clinic of Harborview Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, and analyzed in the Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, the University of California at Berkeley. Programs were by Linda Rogers and Brian Burke. Prior animal data were collected in collaboration with John Barrie, Mark Lenhart, and Gyöngyi Gaál, and with support by grants from NIMH (MH06686) and ONR (N00014-93-1-09380.