1. Antoinette McNeil, BSN, RN, CCRN Analysis of Evidence-Based Practice Professor: Chioma Nwachukwu, DNP, RN 2012

2.  There are over 77 million people suffering from pain  HCAPHS score 63-74% pain controlled  Pain is what the patients states and occurs where the patient say is does  Complications of unmanaged pain  Goal of pain management

4.  Leininger’s Theory: Culture, Care Diversity and Universality  Care is focus and essence of nursing  Culture care expression diverse but has commonalities that exist  Understand patient’s culture  Nurses needs to look at their beliefs and values as they care for patients in other cultures

5.  Cost of lost workdays exceeds $100 billion yearly  Medicare cost exceeds $124 million yearly for pain treatment and disability cost for chronic pain  Increase risk of morbidity and mortality from ◦ Pneumonia ◦ DVT ◦ Pulmonary Emboli ◦ Myocardial Infarction ◦ Confusion ◦ Chronic Pain

7.  Nursing assessing and reassessing for pain  Nurses administering pain medication around the clock  Physicians ensuring that patients pain is managed properly and assist in improving practice  Anesthesiologist responsible for 24 hours for post- operative pain management  Leadership and Administration to provide administrative and financial support for pain management plan

8.  Use of acetaminophen and or NSAID’s before surgery  Epidural analgesia  Bupivacaine collagen sponges  Elastomeric pumps  Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system

9.  Patient education  Physician education  Pharmacist education  Physical and Occupational therapy education  Nursing education

10.  HCAHPS survey  Length of stay  Complications  Working together

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