1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 1 Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Roberta M. Roth University of Northern Iowa

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 2 Project Management Chapter 3

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 3 Key Definitions Project management is the process of planning and controlling the development of a system within a specified timeframe at a minimum cost with the right functionality. A project manager has the primary responsibility for managing the hundreds of tasks and roles that need to be carefully coordinated.

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 4 Four Key Steps in Managing Projects Identifying project size Creating and managing the workplan Staffing the project Coordinating project activities

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 5 IDENTIFYING PROJECT SIZE

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 6 Project Manager’s Balancing Act Project Management involves making trade-offs… Project Size Project Cost Project Time Modifying one element requires adjusting the others

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 7 Project Estimation The process of assigning projected values for time and effort Sources of estimates Methodology in use Actual previous projects Experienced developers Estimates begin as a range and become more specific as the project progresses

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 8 Project Estimates Based on Industry Standard Percentages Planning Analysis Design Implementation Industry Standard For Web15% 20% 35% 30% Applications Time Required 4 5.33 9.33 8 in Person Months

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 9 Project Estimation Using a More Complex Approach – Function Points

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 10 Function Point Estimation Step One – System Size System Elements and their Complexity DescriptionLow MediumHighTotal Inputs__x 3 __x 4 __x 6____ Outputs__x 4 __x 5__x 7____ Queries__x 3 __x 4__x 6____ Files__x 7 __x 10__x 15____ Program__x 5 __x 7__x 10____ Interfaces TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS____

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 11 Function Point Estimation Adjustments for Overall System Complexity Scale of 1 to 5 Data Communications _____ Heavy Use Configuration _____ Transaction Rate _____ End-User efficiency _____ Complex Processing _____ Installation Ease _____ Multiple sites _____ Performance _____ Distributed functions _____ On-line data entry _____ On-line update _____ Reusability _____ Operational Ease _____ Extensibility _____ Project Complexity (PC) _____

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 12 Function Point Estimation Adjusting the Function Points Processing Complexity (PC):________ (From Step 2) Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) =0.65 + (0.001 * ____ ) Total Adjusted Function Points:_____ * ____ = (TUFP -- From Step 1)

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 13 Function Points Estimation Review of Adjustments Adjusted Project Complexity =.065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity) Total Adjusted Function Points = Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 14 Converting Function Points to Lines of Code Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research LanguageLOC/Function Code Point C COBOL JAVA C ++ Turbo Pascal Visual Basic PowerBuilder HTML Packages (e.g., Access, Excel) 130 110 55 50 30 15 10-40

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 15 Function Point Estimation Step Two - Effort Function of size and production rate COCOMO model Effort =1.4 * thousands-of- (in Person-lines-of-code Months) Example: If LOC = 10000 Then... Effort =(1.4 * 10)= 14 Person Months

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 16 Function Point Estimation Step Three - Schedule Time Rule of thumb for estimation Schedule Time (months) = 3.0 * person-months 1/3

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 17 CREATING THE WORK PLAN

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 18 A Workplan Example Work Plan InformationExample Name of taskPerform economic feasibility Start date`Jan 05, 2003 Completion dateJan 19, 2003 Person assignedMary Smith, sponsor Deliverable(s)Cost-benefit analysis Completion statusOpen PriorityHigh Resources neededSpreadsheet Estimated time16 hours Actual time14.5 hours

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 19 Identifying Tasks Methodology Using standard list of tasks Top-down approach Identify highest level tasks Break them into increasingly smaller units Organize into work breakdown structure

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 20 Project Workplan List of all tasks in the work breakdown structure, plus Duration of task Current task status Task dependencies Key milestone dates

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 21 Tracking Project Tasks Gantt Chart Bar chart format Useful to monitor project status at any point in time PERT Chart Flowchart format Illustrate task dependencies and critical path

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 22 Tracking Tasks Using Gantt Chart Task Week 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 23 Tracking Tasks Using PERT Chart Go to Library 4 weeks Select and purchase book 1 week Go to Bookstore 4 weeks Skim book 3 weeks Write Phase One 2 weeks Read book carefully 3 weeks Write Phase Two 3 weeks

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 24 The Hurricane Model Project Stage Time Planning Analysis Design Implementation

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 25 Margins of Error in Cost and Time Estimates Typical margins of Error for Well-done Estimates PhaseDeliverableCost (%)time (%) PlanningSystem Request40060 Project Plan10025 AnalysisSystem Proposal5015 DesignSystem Specification2510 Source: Boehm et al. (1995)

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 26 Managing Scope Scope creep JAD and prototyping Formal change approval Defer additional requirements as future system enhancements

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 27 Timeboxing Fixed deadline Reduced functionality, if necessary Fewer “finishing touches”

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 28 Timeboxing Steps 1. Set delivery date Deadline should not be impossible Should be set by development group 2. Prioritize features by importance 3. Build the system core 4. Postpone unfinished functionality 5. Deliver the system with core functionality 6. Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and enhancements

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 29 STAFFING THE PROJECT

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 30 Staffing Attributes Staffing levels will change over a project’s lifetime Adding staff may add more overhead than additional labor Using teams of 8-10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity

31. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 31 Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams

32. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 32 Your Turn How do you know how many people to assign to a project? How do you know what special skills will be needed for completion of the project?

33. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 33 Key Definitions The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the project The project charter describes the project’s objectives and rules A functional lead manages a group of analysts A technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

34. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 34 Motivation Use monetary rewards cautiously Use intrinsic rewards Recognition Achievement The work itself Responsibility Advancement Chance to learn new skills

35. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 35 Conflict Avoidance Strategies Clearly define project plans Recognize project importance to organization Project charter listing norms and groundrules Develop schedule commitments ahead of time Forecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project

36. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 36 CONTROLLING PROJECT ACTIVITIES

37. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 37 CASE Tools Planning Analysis Design Implementation Upper CASELower CASE Integrated CASE (I-CASE)

38. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 38 Procedural Metadata Logic DiagramsScreen Designs CASE Repository CASE Components

39. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 39 Standards Examples Formal rules for naming files Forms indicating goals reached Programming guidelines

40. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 40 Documentation Project binder Table of contents Continual updating

41. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 41 Managing Risk Risk assessment Actions to reduce risk Revised assessment

42. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 42 Classic Mistakes Overly optimistic schedule Failing to monitor schedule Failing to update schedule Adding people to a late project

43. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 43 Summary Project management is critical to successful development of new systems Project management involves planning, controlling and reporting on time, labor, and costs.

44. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 - 44 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.