1. US Imperialism

2. What do you see in this cartoon?

3. Objective Define imperialism, isolationism, and expansionism.
Evaluate the arguments for and against US imperialism at the end of the 19th century.
Analyze the causes and effects (short-term & long-term) of US imperialism inside and outside the US.

4. Questions to think about…
How does imperialism affect the countries that come under an imperial power? (pros and cons)
Is imperialism always a good or bad thing?
How have US actions in the past affect our relationships with other countries today?

5. US Imperialism
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, extending its political and economic influence around the globe.

6. Imperialism Terms George Washington’s Farewell Address Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
Effects of Imperialism
Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
Hawaii
Panama
George Washington’s Farewell Address
Manifest Destiny
Social Darwinism
White Man’s Burden
Alfred T. Mahan

7. Terms continued Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary
Big Stick Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy
Missionary/Moral Diplomacy
Open Door Policy

8. 1. Commercial/Business Interests (Markets & Raw Materials)
American Foreign Trade:

9. 2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History:

10. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s Burden
The Hierarchy of Race

11. The White Man’s Burden “TAKE UP THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
SEND FORTH THE BEST YE BREED
GO, BIND YOUR SON TO EXILE
TO SERVE YOUR CAPTIVES’ NEED;
TO WAIT, IN HEAVY HARNESS,
ON FLUTTERED FOLK AND WILD
YOUR NEW-CAUGHT SULLEN PEOPLES,
HALF DEVIL AND HALF CHILD….”
Rudyard Kipling, 1899

12. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

13. Closing the American Frontier

14. Presidential Diplomacy
McKinley
Open Door Policy
Roosevelt
Big Stick Diplomacy
Roosevelt Corollary
Taft
Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson
Moral or Missionary Diplomacy
Mexican Revolution (Pancho Villa)

15. Alaska

16. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

17. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

18. Hawaii:
"Crossroads
of the
Pacific"

19. U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

20. U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in by virtue of economic treaties.

21. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

22. U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty
1890 – McKinley Tariff
1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

23. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

24. China

25. OPEN DOOR POLICY Who? Secretary of State John Hay for McKinley Target?
China & Spanish American War
Goals:
Access to ports
New Markets
No country gets special privileges
US maintains a “sphere of influence”

26. Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

27. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”

28. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

29. The Open Door Policy

30. America as a Pacific Power

31. Cuba

32. The Imperialist Taylor

33. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

34. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

35. “Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst

36. De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

37. Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

38. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!

39. The “Rough Riders”

40. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

41. The
Philippines

42. The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

43. Dewey Captures Manila!

44. Is He To Be a Despot?

45. Emilio Aguinaldo July 4, 1946: Philippine independence
Leader of the Filipino Uprising.
July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

46. William H. Taft, 1st Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.

47. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

48. The American Anti-Imperialist League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

49. Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Senator Orville Platt

50. Puerto
Rico

51. Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. 1901-1903  the Insular Cases.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
 the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

52. Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act.
Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.
PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

53. “BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY Who? Theodore Roosevelt (Pres. 1901-1909)
Target?
Latin America, Caribbean nations
Rationale:
Any disorder in regions would force US to send in troops to protect its interests, investments $$$
Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on loans

54. “BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY Rationale cont.:
Any disorder in regions would force US to send in troops to protect its interests, investments $$$
Keep Europe out of region if nation defaults on loans
US takes over Panama Canal construction (complete in 1911)
yellow fever
US offered to pay Columbia, but it was slow to respond
US urges Panama to revolt, sends US ships to back rebels
Panama declares independence & US buys canal rights from new country

55. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

56. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
Panama Canal
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

57. Write down three things you see in the cartoon below.

58. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

59. DOLLAR DIPLOMACY Who? President William H. Taft
Target: Latin America, Caribbean & Asia
Rationale:
US relies on loans & investments to settle regions
Favors $$ but would use military to “stabilize” nations

60. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

61. MORAL OR MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY
Who: President Woodrow Wilson
Target: Latin America, Caribbean & Mexico
How it worked:
US told nations what was wrong with their govts & how to fix them. US favors democracies
US send military to fix problems as a last resort. (That usually happened)
Mexico & Pancho Villa were thorns in Wilson’s side
Mexicans revolt against US-friendly leader. US investors back dictator, but Wilson won’t recognize. Wilson briefly supported Pancho Villa, but turned on him. Villa started raiding US border towns. US sends Army, but can’t catch him.

62. Mexico

63. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

64. The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero

65. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

66. Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

67. U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920s

68. Understanding U.S. Imperialism
Definition
Policies
Washington, Monroe, McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
Causes (what does the US need?)
Bases, resources, markets
Effects (what did the US gain? Lose?)
Spanish-American War, Hawaii, Panama Canal, Alaska
Arguments for Imperialism
White Man’s Burden, Missionaries, Manifest Destiny
Arguments against Imperialism
Anti-Imperialist League

69. How did the US expand in the late 19th & early 20th centuries?
Open Door Policy
US has equal access to China’s millions of consumers
Annexation of Hawaii
Naval stations in Hawaii used to protect world trade.
Spanish American War
Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines become US territories

70. How did the US expand in the late 19th & early 20th centuries?
Open Door Policy
US has equal access to China’s millions of consumers
Mexican Revolution (Wilson)
Negative feelings grow in Latin America toward US interference in their affairs
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Roosevelt)
US gains control of 10 mile strip of land to build Panama Canal