1. Anatomy and Physiology Introduction
Medical Careers
Ms. Bystrom

2. Terms used when discussing the human body
Anatomy: study of the physical structures of the body
Physiology: study of the function of the cells, tissues and organs of the body

3. Organization of body structures
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System

4. The structural and functional unit of all living matter
The Cell
The structural and functional unit of all living matter
Every cell is programmed to do a specific job
Requires nutrients and oxygen to survive
Vary in size and shape
Some can replace themselves, others cannot

5. The Human Cell

6. The Human Cell Three main parts of a cell:
1. Cell membrane: outermost barrier of a cell
Controls what enters and leaves
Separates cell from external environment
2. Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance within the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus
Holds structures of the cell in place
Contains organelles ( “little organs”)

7. The Human Cell
3. Nucleus: control center of the cell
Chromosomes: rod shaped “packages” within the nucleus that contains all genetic information
46 individual; 23 pairs

8. The Human Cell
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): tightly coiled strands within chromosomes that contain different sections known as genes.
Genes: segments of DNA that carry info. for specific traits (approx. 35,000)
(ex: eye color, hair color)

10. Tissue Specialized groups of cells working together Nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Blood tissue

11. Organ
Two or more types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function
Heart
Lungs
Brain
Kidneys

12. System
A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

13. Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

14. Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

15. Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane
The plane dividing the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

16. Anatomical Planes Frontal plane
The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
Also called the Coronal plane

17. Anatomical Planes Transverse plane
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Also called the Horizontal plane

18. Positions and Directions
Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes

19. Positions and Directions
Superior
Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
Inferior
Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

20. Positions and Directions
Anterior
Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body
Posterior
Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

21. Positions and Directions
Medial
Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body
Lateral
Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

22. Positions and Directions
Root
Distal
(Reference to the extremities only)
Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
Proximal
Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
Root

23. Distal / Proximal Cont.
When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.
Proximal
Distal
Root

24. Positions and Directions
Superficial
Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure
Deep
Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

25. Positions and Directions
Ventral
Towards the front or belly
You Vent out or your nose and mouth.
Dorsal
Towards the back
Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.

26. Positions and Directions
Prone
Lying face down
Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.
Supine
Lying face up
Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.
Unilateral
Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
Pertaining to both sides of the body

27. Body Cavities

28. Four Quadrants

29. Nine Regions