1. Unification Timeline 1815 Congress of Vienna
1848 Nationalist revolutions sweep Europe
1852 Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia
1860 Garibaldi lands in Sicily
1862 Bismarck appointed Minister President
1866 Austro-Prussian War
1870 Franco-Prussian War

2. Outline
Piedmont-Sardinia (Italy)
Prussia (Germany)
Results

3. I. Italy Congress of Vienna solidifies patchwork region
Emerging nationalistic groups. 1 2 3

4. I. Italy before unification1 2 3

5. I. Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Italian nationalist
Fought for liberal and romantic reasons
founded new organization - Young Italy
focused on revolution and spreading brotherhood of free peoples
felt revolt must come from below
attempted revolutions 1837, 41, 43-4, 48 all fail. 1 2 3

6. I. Camillo Benso di Cavour
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia emerges after 1848 Revolutions
Cavour: Unification from above
chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
wily, practical politician
builds economy and political structure
1858 secret treaty with France, war with Austria
northern Italy elects to join Piedmont. 1 2 3

7. I. Giuseppe Garibaldi Garibaldi’s revolutionary background
Garibaldi and his red shirts
invade Sicily with 1000 men
move from south - prove the validity of Mazzini
threat to Rome
surrenders south to Piedmont. 1 2 3

8. I. ITALIAN UNIFICATION
Bridge of Teano 1 2 3

9. I. Piedmont-Sardinia becomes Italy
1870
1860
1866
1859 1 2 3

10. II. Prussian Reforms after Napoleon
Total destruction of Prussian army triggers reform
realize a brow beaten army of serfs won’t fight as well as motivated citizens (like the French forces)
Reforms keep power in hands of nobles and king. 1 2 3

11. II. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
conservative, supporter of strong monarch and aristocratic rights
served as ambassador
becomes chancellor in 1862 when William I has problems with the Parliament. 1 2 3

12. II. Otto von Bismarck Orders collection of taxes without authority!
Uses money for the army
dismisses lower chamber
censorship and fires liberals from government jobs
assumed inevitable conflict with Austria over leadership in Germany
prepares for war. 1 2 3

13. II. Prussia 1 2 3

14. II. Three Wars towards unification
Preliminary diplomatic actions
isolation
notion of real politic
avoidance of being the aggressor
Schleswig & Holstein (1863)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
series of diplomatic maneuvers
feeling pressured, Austria launches a pre-emptive strike, allied with most south German states. 1 2 3

15. II. Three Wars towards unification
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Prussian army is quickly assembled and wins decisively
policy of a “soft peace”
Austria loses no land to Prussia
small indemnity
lose Venetia to the Italians
gain the Hungarian throne - done to avoid harsh feelings because Prussia wants Austria as an ally
formation of North German Confederacy (1867). 1 2 3

16. II. Triumph of Nationalism
Press loves a winner
Heralded as unifier of Germany (previously a liberal idea)
Liberals sacrifice rights for expansion, power and military triumph
“Exalt his self esteem toward foreigners and the Prussian forgets whatever bothers him about conditions at home.” Bismarck 1858. 1 2 3

17. II. German Unification 1 2 3

18. II. Three Wars towards unification
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Spanish crown becomes vacant
French and Hohenzollerns place claim
Ems Dispatch July 14th, 1870
show south German states the French land demands from the Austro-Prussian war
Napoleon III declares war on Prussia 5 days after Ems Dispatch
Prussian and German forces are victorious - siege Paris. 1 2 3

19. III. Aftermath France is forced to give up Alsace and Lorraine
France must pay indemnity
Prussia occupies Paris
harsh treatment builds French resentment and leads to WWI
South German states join Prussia - formation of German Empire - January 18, 1871
European balance of power is irrevocably altered. 1 2 3

20. III. France Humiliated 1 2 3

21. III. Europe in 1871 1 2 3