1. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► I. The 8 th -grade TEKS and the Constitution ► II. What do we mean by the Constitution?  Descriptive and prescriptive constitutions  Written and unwritten constitutions  The Constitution is more than the document ► Judicial interpretation (constitutional law) ► Fundamental institutions and practices ► Fundamental understandings about government

3. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► III. Constitutional Politics  Political parties and constitutional policy ► Federalists—strong central government ► Jeffersonian Republicans—strict construction, state rights, and religious liberty ► Jacksonian Democrats—strict construction and state rights ► Whigs—abuse of presidential power, active government to promote economic development and moral reform ► Republicans—constitutional liberty, antislavery

4. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► IV. Key Constitutional Developments  Acceptance of democratic decision-making and the legitimacy of political opposition  Rise of democracy  Judicial review and judicial restraint ► Review of federal laws  A rticle 6 of the Constitution (“Supremacy Clause”)  Section 25, Judiciary Act of 1789  Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Dred Scott case (1857)

5. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► V. Key Constitutional Issues  Presidential power ► Use of patronage to discipline party ► Democrats and a strong presidency  Jackson, Polk, Buchanan, Johnson ► Republicans and a strong Congress

6. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19th CENTURY ► V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.)  Federalism and the economy, slavery, Civil War, Reconstruction, industrialization “State Sovereignty”—federal government as the agent of the states Thomas Jefferson, John C. Calhoun, southern secessionists “National Supremacy”—broad federal power Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Abraham Lincoln, the Republican party “State Rights”—”dual sovereignty” and strict construction of federal power Andrew Jackson, the Democratic party

7. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► V. Key Constitutional Issues (cont.)  Individual and minority rights ► Barron v. Baltimore (1833)—Bill of Rights does not apply to the states ► “No State shall”... (Art. I, sec. 10) ► The Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--“No state shall” abridge the rights of U.S. citizens, or deny any person due process of law or equal protection of the laws  Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)

8. THE CONSTITUTION IN THE 19 TH CENTURY ► VI. WHO INTERPRETS AND ENFORCES THE CONSTITUTION ? CONSTITUTONAL POLITICS VERSUS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW