1. Renal System

2. Gross structure of the kidneys cortex, medulla, pyramids, renal calyxes and pelvis, ureter.
Gross size and weight (300~400 g) of kidneys (about 0.5% of body weight)
in humans

3. Anatomy of the Kidney

4. The nephron is the basic unit of renal structure and functions.

5. Nephron Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule

6. Tubular Secretion and Reabsorption

7. Role of kidney Apart from urine formation
Blood pressure from Renin production
RBC production from Erythropoietin

8. Combining form
Cyst/o urinary bladder
Urethr/o urethra
Ureter/o ureter
Pyel/o renal pelvis
Nephr/o kidney
Vesic/o urinary bladder
Ren/o kidney

9. Pathology of the Kidney
Nephrolithiasis - Kidney stones (renal calculi)
Nephrotic syndrome - A group of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine (also called nephrosis)
Polycystic kidneys - Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and upon the kidney
Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla
Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus (Bright disease)

10. Polycystic kidneys

11. Pathology of the Kidney
Renal cell carcinoma - Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
Renal failure - Failure of the kidney to excrete urine
Renal hypertension - High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Wilms tumor – Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
Diabetes mellitus - Inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin
Anuria: abnormal condition of no urine production

12. Investigation
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB): X-ray image of the kideys and urinary tract without the use of contrast.
Cystoscopy:
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): measures the amount of urea in the blood.
retrograde pyelogram (RP): x-ray film of the urinary tract with contrast material injected via a cather into the urethra.
Urography:

14. Treatment procedures
Dialysis: seperation of waste material from blood by a machine.
Lithotripsy: shock waves are beamed into a patient to crush urinary tract stones.
Urinary catheterization: passing of a catheter through the urethra and bladder for drainage of urine.
Renal transplantation:

15. Noct (night)
Olig (few)
Tripsy (crushing)
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder)
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
UTI (urinary tract infection)
CRF (chronic renal failure?, corticotropin releasing factor?)
ARF (acute renal failure?)