2. Particles Particles Nuclei Nuclei Atoms Atoms Lasers Lasers Solid State Physics Solid State Physics Astrophysics Astrophysics Cosmology Cosmology

3. Standard Model 32 Fundamental Constants Fine-structure Constant Oklo Phenomenon Quark Masses Time Variation of Fine-structure Constant Grand Unification Prediction for Quantum Optics Experiment at MPQ

6. Hermann Weyl:

8. Non-Abelian Gauge Theory Wolfgang Pauli Chen Ning Yang – Robert Mills Ronald Shaw

22. number of space dimensions 1 number of time dimensions 1 number of colors 1 number of families 1 Newtons constant G 1 fine structure constant 1 coupling constant of strong interaction 1 coupling constant of weak interaction 1 mass of W boson 1 mass of Higgs boson 1 masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 flavor mixing of quarks 4 flavor mixing of leptons 6

25. Determined by Dynamics? Changing in Time?

26. Cosmic Accidents?

31. Arnold Sommerfeld, 1916 Arnold Sommerfeld, 1916

32. =0.00729735253 fine-structure constant

35. Pauli (1958): Nr 137, Zürich............. Pauli (1958): Nr 137, Zürich.............

39. QED: Most successful theory in science. Merging of electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and special relativity. Renormalizable theory, tested up to 1:10 000 000 (Lamb shift, hyperfine splitting, magnetic moments)

40. Quantum Field Theory: Finestructure constant becomes function of energy or scale due to quantum fluctuations of electron-positron pairs => partial screening of bare charge of the electron at distances less than the compton wavelength of the electron

42. OPAL ALEPH L3 DELPHI Europäisches Zentrum für Teilchenphysik CERN / Genf LEP / LHC SPS LEP: e + e – Kollisionen 1989 – 2000 LHC: p–p Kollisionen ab 2007 ATLAS CMS LHCb Alice

43. LEP: ~ 1/127

44. About 1.8 billion years ago, in Gabon, Westafrika. About 1.8 billion years ago, in Gabon, Westafrika. Natural Reactor, which operated about 100 million years. Natural Reactor, which operated about 100 million years. High concentration of uranium High concentration of uranium 3.7% U 235 at that time (today 0.72 %) 3.7% U 235 at that time (today 0.72 %) Moderator: water from river Oklo Moderator: water from river Oklo

47. Geological Situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors 1. Nuclear reactor zones 2. Sandstone 3. Uranium ore layer 4. Granite

48. Discovered in the 1970ties by french nuclear physicists It was found: Uranium 235 less that the normal rate Normally: 0.720 % ==  further investigation  Natural reactor  Natural reactor

49. Shlyakhter, Dyson and Damour (1996) Neutron Capture Sm(149) + n =>Sm(150) + gamma cross section about 57 … 93 kb very large cross section due to nuclear resonance just above threshold: E=0.0973 eV Resonance position cannot have changed much. Change less than 0.1 eV => constraint on elm. interaction: => constraint on elm. interaction:alpha(Oklo)-alpha(now)/alpha <1/10 000 000 <1/10 000 000

50. Change of alpha per year must be less than per year (if no other parameters change) ==> constraint questionable

51. Other fundamental constants: Nucleon mass!?

52. QCD QCD Mass from „no-mass“ (dimensional transmutation) „Anti-screening“ of color – infrared slavery

54. :about 250 MeV Mass: confined field energy

55. Nucleon Mass in limit of vanishing quark masses: const. calculable: error about 2% (Juelich) const. calculable: error about 2% (Juelich) Exp: 938.272 MeV Exp: 938.272 MeV

56. Nucleon Mass in QCD: Nuleon mass: QCD mass and mass contributions from the quark masses QCD u d s QED QCD u d s QED

60. OPAL ALEPH L3 DELPHI Europäisches Zentrum für Teilchenphysik CERN / Genf LEP / LHC SPS LEP: e + e – Kollisionen 1989 – 2000 LHC: p–p Kollisionen ab 2007 ATLAS CMS LHCb Alice

62. The Dark Corner of HEP Fermion Masses: Arbitrary L R

65. Quark Masses: Observed: Observed: m(c) : m(t) = m(u):m(c) m(c) : m(t) = m(u):m(c) 1/207 1/207 1/207 1/207 m(s):m(b) = m(d):m(s) m(s):m(b) = m(d):m(s) 1/23 1/23 1/23 1/23

72. It is normally assumed in the Standard Model that the fundamental constants of nature are universal, i.e. the same everywhere and at all times.

73. No reason, that the fundamental parameteres are constant in time and space.

74. Why time variation? Extra space dimensions (e.g. in Superstring theories). Any change in size of these dimensions would manifest itself in the 3D world as variation of fundamental constants. (e.g. in Superstring theories). Any change in size of these dimensions would manifest itself in the 3D world as variation of fundamental constants.

75. Why time variation? Scalar fields. Fundamental constants depend on scalar fields which vary in space and time. May be related to “dark energy” and accelerated expansion of the Universe. Fundamental constants depend on scalar fields which vary in space and time. May be related to “dark energy” and accelerated expansion of the Universe.

76. Strong limits on time variation of constants, related to the stable matter: Newtons constant, fine structure constant, mass of electron, QCD scale

77. Weak limits for all constants, related to unstable particles ( mass of myon, mass of s- quark, …, flavor mixing angles, mass of W-boson, …)

80. Time Variation of fundamental constants: Dirac (~1930)

82. Time variation of natural constants?Time variation of natural constants? Observation of fine structure of atomic levels Quasars 5-7 billion years back

83. Quasar absorption spectra Light

85. Fine structure of Fe, Ni, Mg, Sn, A - Quasars, back to 11 bn years in time

87. Grand unification

90. Electroweak theory: SU(2) x SU(2) x U(1)

92. Problem for SU(5): no convergence of the three coupling constants wihout supersymmetry

95. O(10)

102. If the scale of unification does not change, one finds: Calmet, Fritzsch - Langacker, Segre (2002)

103. Magnetic moments of atomic nuclei would change accordingly, per year

104. If only the scale of unification changes, the sign changes:

106. Can this be tested by experiments?

107. Time: measured by Cesium clocks Hyperfine transition, involving the magnetic moment of the cesium nucleus. Would be affected by time change of QCD scale

108. Comparison Cs- clock Hydrogen clock Difference: 3 CS oscillations per day Experiment at MPQ Munich and NIST Boulder

109. MPQ-Experiment 486 nm dye laser in hydrogen spectrometer Reference: cesium clock Pharao LPTF Paris Hydrogen: 1s-2s transition 2 466 061 413 187 127 (18) Hz

111. Expected in simple model: about 10 times more Measurement:

112. Simultaneous change Simultaneous change of the unified coupling constant and the unification scale? of the unified coupling constant and the unification scale?

114. Partial Cancellation of the effect? (expected in superstring models) (expected in superstring models)

116. Indication for effect in the new experiment at the MPQ:

118. Reinhold et al. PRL 96 (2006) 2 quasars, 12 bn. years away Looking for time variation of ratio proton mass / electron mass One finds:

120. Hänsch finds the same effect

121. If true: All masses of atomic nuclei will depend on time!

122. Summary 32 constants of nature 24 constants are mass parameters Grand unification relates elm., strong and weak interactions. Time variation of alpha leads to time variation of the QCD scale and of the weak interactions MPQ Experiment rules out simplest model, but effect seems to be there, about a factor 10 less than naively expected, consistent mit observed variation of electron-proton-massratio.

123. Necessary: Both unification scale and unified coupling must change in time. (expected in superstring models)

125. All fundamental constants are not constants, but functions of time?