Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byFelicity Charles Modified over 9 years ago
1
Bell Work Type 1 Writing: 3 Lines Suggest an idea on how to classify these items.
2
Classification of Living Things http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg
3
WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner
4
_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY
5
A good classification system: Uses names that are _________ Can _____ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS
6
Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar... are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism
7
Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm
8
Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
9
Common names can be misleading In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg
10
By mid 19 th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek
11
EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” Different scientists described different characteristics. PROBLEMS:
12
Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
13
Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR ____________ Each organism has a two part scientific name = _________________________ TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
14
Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show
15
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Philip Came Over For Green Spaghetti
16
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
17
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ –1 st Letter ALWAYS capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. Genus name species name UNDERLINED ITALICS
18
Bell Work What are the 7 taxons used to classify a living thing? What is the mnemonic used to remember these taxons?
19
GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis
20
Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg
21
MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
22
In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________. MATE characteristics
23
BUT... which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?
24
Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water? OR with mammals because it breathes air and makes milk for its young?
25
Look at these 3 organisms: LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
26
Judging by appearances you would probably put limpets and barnacles together in a group and crabs in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006
27
LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Look more closely! Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T !
28
LIMPET CRABBARNACLE Look more closely! Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !
29
LIMPET SNAIL http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are MOLLUSKS. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS
30
BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as CRUSTACEANS Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
31
MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = _____________________ Evolutionary classification
32
MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny
33
____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = __________________ CLADISTICS Derived characters
34
Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________ cladogram Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
35
Derived characters appear at branches of the cladogram showing where they first arose. Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
36
All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth. DNA and RNA http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
37
GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms. http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
38
Amino Acid Sequences Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences show how closely related an organism is. Q: Which organism is most closely related to Organism #4? Organism #1
40
Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family.
41
American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
42
DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork recent common ancestor
43
____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Mutations dissimilarity Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
44
Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show
45
Image Sources http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm
46
http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif
47
http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.