1. The Cell Discovery Structure Function

2. Discovery Robert Hooke Cork Monastery

3. Discovery Cell Theory –Schleiden – “All plants are made of cells” –Schwann – “All animals are made of cells” –Virchow – “New cells could be produced only from existing cells” All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells

5. Cell Types Prokaryote –No Nucleus –Generally smaller and simpler –Example – Bacteria Eukaryote –Have Nucleus –Contain many internal structures –Examples – Plants, animals, fungi, protists.

7. FischerellaProchloron Spirulina

9. Liver Cells

10. Surface Area to Volume Ratio How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Limits Cell Size 1. A cell is a metabolic compartment where a multitude of chemical reactions occur. 2. The number of reactions increase as the volume of the metabolic compartment gets bigger (The larger the volume the larger the number of reactions) 3.All raw materials necessary for metabolism can enter the cell only through its cell membrane. 4.The greater the surface area the larger the amount of raw materials that can enter at only one time. 5.Each unit of volume requires a specific amount of surface area to supply its metabolism with raw materials. The amount of surface area available to each unit of volume varies with the size of a cell. 6. As a cell grows its SA/V decreases. 7. At some point in its growth its SA/V becomes so small that its surface area is too small to supply its raw materials to its volume. At this point the cell cannot get larger.

12. NUCLEUS Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA Surrounded by Nuclear Envelope –Dotted with pores Allows material to flow into and out Chromatin – granular material inside nucleus –Uncondensed DNA

14. RIBOSOMES Make Proteins Consist of small particles of RNA and protein.

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER – site where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled. –Proteins and other materials assembled for export from cell Rough ER – ER containing ribosomes Smooth ER – ER not containing ribosomes

17. Golgi Apparatus Golgi – modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from ER for storage or secretion. Finishing touches are put on proteins before storage or export.

19. Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria (including plants) Convert chemical energy in food into compounds more convenient to use. –“Powerhouse of Cell” 2 membranes – inner membrane folded Mitochondria are inherited from you mother.

21. Chloroplasts Organelles that capture the energy from the sun and convert to energy –“Photosynthesis” 2 membranes – inner stacked

23. Cell Membrane Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Provides protection and support Lipid bi-layer –Flexible structure –Contains: Proteins – form channels and act like pumps Carbohydrates – identifiers for the cell

27. Building the Cell Membrane

28. Cell Wall Provide support and protection for the cell Porous – has holes Made from fibers of Carbohydrates and Proteins Plants: cell walls made mostly of cellulose

30. Cell Boundaries Terms to be covered Concentration Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Endocytosis Exocytosis

31. Passive Transport Diffusion – Particles moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Concentration – the mass of solute in a given volume of solution. –Labeled grams per Liter (g/L) Equilibrium - concentration of solute is the same throughout. Diffusion Applet

34. Facilitated Diffusion Protein channels that allow particular substances (glucose) to cross the cell membrane

35. Osmosis The movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane. –Isotonic – equal concentration of water and solute –Hypertonic – high concentration of solute –Hypotonic – low concentration of solute Osmosis Animation

36. Active Transport Transport requiring energy of small molecules across membrane by transport proteins or “pumps” Endocytosis – process of cell taking in materials. Exocytosis – process of cell releasing materials. (wastes, manufactured proteins) Active Transport Tutorial

37. Turgor Pressure Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall

38. Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 LIGHT ENERGY

40. Formation of ATP movie