2. Revolutions in Industry Objective: 1.Explain how the Industrial Revolution changed the way people worked. 2.Identify the types of factory systems used by New England textile industry. 3.Examine how workers reacted to the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

3. 4. Why were textile mills built near streams? 5. What events promoted the growth of American industry in the early 1800s? 6. What labor systems developed in the textile mills? 7. How did American workers attempt to improve working conditions?

5. A. Industrial Revolution- period of extreme rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production. 1. Began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s 2. Production of textiles, or cloth, improved by machines such as the spinning jenny and the water frame 3. The water frame, which increased the speed of thread production, needed a large space and a source of power. 4. Textile mills, or factories, were built near streams that powered machinery.

7. B.Factories in the U.S. 1. The U.S. lacked the technology – the tools and machinery used to produce goods- to build textile mills 2. Samuel Slater- British mechanic who immigrated to the U.S. with the knowledge necessary to build mills. 3. New England had the resources necessary to support industry- workers, investors, and rivers to supply power. 4. Slater and his partners built a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in the 1790s.

8. A. Mass Production 1. Eli Whitney -inventor who plan to build 100,000 muskets in two years. 2. Whitney planned to use interchangeable parts, a system in which each particular part of a production would be made exactly the same. 3. Whitney did not complete his plan in two years, but his idea inspired other industry B. Growth of Industry 1. American manufacturers grew slowly until early 1800s. 2. The embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 limited American access to British goods, so Americans bought American Products. 3. The Industrial Revolution was in full swing in the U.S. by the 1830s

9. A. Labor Systems 1. Rhode Island system- use of whole families, including children, as laborers in the textile mills. 2. Francis Cabot Lowell- built a loom that allowed factories to make thread and whole cloth in one location. 3. Lowell System- practice of hiring young, unmarried women from area farms to work in the mills B. Working in a Mill 1. Mills were dangerous places filled with fast-moving machinery 2. Craftsmen, who had trouble competing with factories, wanted to reduce their employees’ pay and lengthen their workday 3. Trade Unions- organizations of artisans in a particular trade who came together to improve working conditions. 4. Strike – the refusal to work until employers meet workers’ demands 5. Unions worked for reforms but met with opposition from courts, police, and employers.

11. New Technologies and Transportation Objective: 1.Describe how the Transportation Revolution changed life in the U.S. 2.Examine how the telegraph was a useful invention. 3.Explain how technological advances affected both farm work and life at home.

12. 4. In what ways was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden significant? 5. What new technologies became available to farmers, and how did these tools affect crop harvest? 6. How did Singer’s sewing machine affect the lives of American women?

13. A.Transportation Revolution- period of rapid improvement in the speed, ease, and cost of transportation B. The Steamboat 1. Robert Fulton successfully sent his steamboat called the Clermont up the Hudson River in 1807, using current and not wind power. 2. Reduced travel times. 3. Made it easier for easterner to send goods to western markets.

14. C. Railroads 1. About 1830 Peter Cooper built a small locomotive called Tom Thumb. 2. By 1840, the U.S. had some 2,800 miles of track, mostly in the North. 3. The nation had 30,000 miles of track by 1860, and railroads connected most major cites. 4. Railroads became powerful business.

15. A. Dispute over interstate Commerce 1. Thomas Gibbons had a federal license to operate steamboats between New Jersey and Manhattan, but no New York license 2. New York grated Aaron Ogden a license to operate in New York waters, thus creating a monopoly on the steamboat business there 3. After Ogden sued and won Gibbons appealed. B. The Supreme Court Rules. 1. U.S. Supreme Court heard the case of Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824. 2. The court ruled in favor of Gibbons, declaring that his federal license had priority over Ogden’s state license. 3. The ruling reinforced the authority of the federal government over states, 4. Expanded commerce to include navigation and communication for trade

16. 4. In what ways was the ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden significant? - The ruling reinforced the authority of the federal government and expanded the definition of commerce.

17. A. The Telegraph 1. Invented in 1832 by Samuel F.B. Morse. 2. Sent information over wires across great distances 3. Operators tapped a key that sent pulses of electric current through a wire. 4. Morse code- Short and long pulses that represented letters and numbers. B. Expansion 1. Telegraph grew alongside railroad tracks. 2. The first transcontinental telegraph line was completed in 1861.

18. A. In 1837 John Deere invented a steel plow that cut through thick soil. B. Cyrus McCormick invented a mechanical reaper to make harvesting crops easier and quicker. C. These inventions allowed farmers to increase production.

19. 5.What new technologies became available to farmers, and how did these tools affect crop harvest? - Deere’s steel plow and McCormick’s reaper allowed farmers to increase crop Production.

20. A. Isaac Singer designed a sewing machine that allowed many women to earn extra money by producing clothes at home. B. Other technologies 1. Included the ice box and iron cook stoves 2. Mass production lowered prices, allowing more families to buy goods. C. Public water systems made plumbing possible for wealthier Americans.

21. 6.How did Singer’s sewing machine affect the lives of American women? It provided some women with the opportunity to earn money without having to work outside the home

22. 1. Who invented the lightweight steel plow? 2. Who invented the Mechanical reaper? 3. Who invented the Sewing machine? 4. What is the period of rapid improvement in speed, ease, and cost of transportation called? 5. By 1860 there was 30,000 miles of what? 6. Samuel Morse invented what? 7. Short and long electric pulses that form letters and numbers are called?

24. The South and King Cotton Objectives: 1.Identify the effect the cotton gin had on the south. 2.Describe the state of manufacturing in the south. 3.Explain what life was like for different groups of people in the south.

25. 4. How did crop prices affect the types of crops grown in the south? 5. What effect did cotton production have on slavery? 6. What kinds of work did free African Americans do in the south?

26. A. Decline. 1. Prices for tobacco, rice, and indigo declined after the American Revolution. 2. Farmers sought crops that needed less labor. 3. Some slaveholders freed their slaves. B. Cotton 1. Workers could easily remove seeds from long-staple cotton. 2. Long-staple cotton grew well in very few areas. 3. Short-staple, or green-seed cotton, grew well in the South, but it was difficult to remove its seeds.

27. C. The Cotton Gin 1. Eli Whitney built a machine to remove seeds from the short-staple cotton. 2. The cotton gin used a hand-cranked cylinder with teeth to pull seeds from cotton. 3. Revived southern agriculture and the demand for slaves.

28. Important Questions 4. How did crop prices affect the types of crops grown in the south ? - Declining crop prices for tobacco, indigo, and rice led some farmers to search for new crops that required less labor.

29. A. Growing Cotton. 1. The cotton gin allowed farmers to switch from less profitable crops to cotton. 2. Cotton belt- the region from South Carolina to east Texas where many cotton farmers settled. 3. Cotton was easy to store and cost less to transport than other crops. 4. Scientific agriculture- use of scientific methods to improve crop production B. Labor 1. Cotton required many field hands. 2. Plantation owners used slaves rather than pay wages to workers. 3. Demand led to a domestic slave trade. C. The southern economy 1. Cotton made the South a major power in globe trade, with Great Britain being the region’s main trading power. 2. Port cities such as Charleston, SC, and New Orleans, Louisiana grew. D. Southern Industry 1. Dominance of agriculture limited industrial development in the South. 2. Joseph R. Anderson- southerner who opened the Tredegar Iron Work

30. Important Questions 5.What effect did cotton production have on slavery? - The expansion of cotton production led to the development of a domestic slave trade.

31. A. Slaveholders 1. About 1/3 of white southern families were slaveholders. 2. Few were planters- large scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves. 3. Yeomen – owners of small farms, some of whom owned a few slaves, and tended to work with their slaves in fields. 4. Some poor whites survived by hunting, fishing, and doing odd jobs. B. Free African Americans in the South 1. In 1860, more than 250,000 free African Americans lived in the South. 2. Worked as farmers or on plantations in rural areas 3. Worked as skilled artisans in urban areas 4. Faced constant discrimination and laws that restricted their right to vote and travel freely.

32. Important Questions 1. What kinds of work did free African Americans do in the South? - farmers, skilled artisans, hired themselves out to plantation owners.

34. The Slave System Objectives: 1.Describe what work and daily life was like for most slaves. 2.Examine how slaves’ family life, religion, and other aspects of their culture helped them cope with the slaves system. 3.Explain how enslaved African Americans challenged the slave system.

35. A. Hard Work. 1. Most slaveholders tried to get as much work as possible out of their slaves. 2. Slaves on small farms performed a variety of tasks. 3. On large plantations, most slaves has specific jobs 4. The majority of slaves did field work. 5. Overseers made sure that slaves completed their work, and they carried out punishments. B. Gang Labor. 1. Most plantations used gang labor system, in which all workers performed the same tasks at the same time. 2. Work began at sunup and ended at sundown. C. Domestic slaves had better food and clothing but often worked longer hours than field hands did. D. At times, slaves with skills such as blacksmithing were allowed to hire out their services, with some earning enough money to purchase their freedom.

36. 1. What was the most common labor system on southern plantations? - Most plantations used the gang labor system in which all the workers performed the same tasks at the same time.

37. A. Slaveholders viewed slaves as property, not as people. B. Life Necessities. 1. Slaves tried to improve their poor clothing and small cabins. 2. Some slaves had vegetable gardens or hunted and fished to supplement their diets. C. Incentives to work. 1. Some planters offered better food or shelter to encourage slaves to behave. 2. Others used harsh punishments. D. Many states had slave codes to regulate slaves’ behavior.

38. 1. How did some slaves try to improve their quality of life? - They tried to better their clothes, cabins and find additional food sources to improve their diets

39. A. Family life. 1. Slaves built their own communities and culture. 2. Family was the central institution of slave life. 3. Parents told folktales, or stories with a moral, that taught children how to survive life as a slave. B. Religion. 1. Many slaves accepted Christianity, which offered a message of equality. 2. Spirituals, emotional Christian songs that blended African and European music, were expressions of slaves’ religious beliefs.

40. 1. What purpose did folktales serve in slave communities? - Parents used folktales to teach their children methods for surviving slavery.

41. A. Slaves rebelled in small ways such as running away for a few days. B. Nat Turner 1. Violent rebellions were rare. 2. Nat Turner, a Virginia slave, led a violent revolt in 1831. 3. In Nat Turner’s Rebellion, slaves killed about 60 white people. 4. The Rebellion failed Turner was executed, and states enacted stricter slave codes.

42. 1. What effect did Nat Turner’s Rebellion have on slavery? - White southerners enacted stricter slave codes.