3. Ascending pathway Thermal pain receptor in finger to brain
Response
Thermal
pain receptor
in finger
Afferent
pathway
Efferent pathway
Ascending pathway
Components of a
reflex arc
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Integrating center
Effector organs
to brain
Triceps
(exensor)
Biceps
(flexor)
(spinal cord)
Effector
organs
Stimulus
= Stimulates
= Inhibits
= Synapse
= Excitatory interneuron
= Inhibitory interneuron

4. Brain Stem
Cervical Spinal
Cord PS
Sym A
Lumbar Spinal Cord
Sacral Spinal Cord
Thoracic Spinal Cord

5. Sympathetic ganglion chain Terminal ganglion
Cranisosacral
parasympathetic
nerves
Effector
organs:
Cardiac
muscle
Smooth
Most
exocrine
glands
and
some
endocrine
= Sympathetic system
= Parasympathetic system
= Cell body
= Axon terminal
Sympathetic ganglion chain
Terminal
ganglion
Spinal
cord
Thoracolumbar
Sympathetic
ACh NE
= Preganglionic fiber
= Postganglionic fiber
ACh = Acetylcholine
NE = Norepinephrine
E = Epinephrine
E, NE
Collateral
Blood

6. Postganglionic neuron Reproductive system Urinary system
Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Reproductive system
Urinary system
Sympathetic trunk
Vasomotor fibers
to lower extremity
To peripheral blood
vessels (vasomotor)
Hair folicle muscle (pilomotor)
Sweat glands (sudomotor
Eye
Blood vessels of head
Glands associated
with eye, nasal cavity
and oral cavity
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Celiac ganglion
Descending
autonomic
pathways
Hypothalamus
Superior cervical ganglion
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Superior
Kidney
Adrenal

8. S2 S3 S4 Descending autonomic pathways Accessory oculomotor
Nucleus (Edinger-Westphal)
Salivatory
nuclei
Superior
Inferior
Dorsal vagal nucleus
Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Digestive system
Circulatory system
Respiratory system
Blood vessels and
glands of head
Eye and lacrimal gland
Hypothalamus
Ciliary ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion S2 S3 S4

9. + EXOCRINE GLANDS
+ SMOOTH MUSCLE
OF G.I. TRACT
– HEART RATE
+ SWEAT GLANDS
– BLOOD VESSELS
(Some)
+ HEART SMOOTH MUSCLE
+ SPLEEN OF:
+ BLOOD VESSELS – G.I. TRACT
(Most) – LUNGS
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
POSTGANGLIONIC
NERVES:
GANGLION:
PREGANGLIONIC
A U T O N O M I C N E R V O U S S Y S T E M
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYMPATHETIC
SOMATIC
CHOLINERGIC
NERVES
ADRENERGIC
CHOLI-
NERGIC
ALL
EFFECTOR
ORGANS:
Adrenal Medulla
ACh
NOREPI
C E N T R A L
N . S .
EPI
Via the
Blood
NERVES
ACh
ACh

15.  

16. Vm (mV)

17. Sympathetic
preganglionic
fiber
postganglionic
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Spinal cord
Adrenal
medulla
Blood
Target organs
fiber
Target organs

18. inactive
A-kinase
regulatory
subunit
catalytic
complex of
cyclic AMP and
regulatory subunits
active catalytic
cyclic AMP

19. cAMP protein kinase enzyme X products of 1 molecule of
signaling ligand
receptor protein
each activated receptor protein
activates many molecules of G
protein, each of which in turn
activates an adenylate cyclase
molecule
each activated adenylate
cyclase molecule generates
many cAMP molecules
each cAMP molecule
activates 1 molecule
of protein kinase
each kinase moleculle
phosphorylates and
thereby activates many
copies of enzyme X
each copy of enzyme
X produces many
molecules of product
cAMP
AMPLIFICATION
G protein
acivated
adenylate cyclase
protein
kinase
enzyme X
products of

20. GTP

21. Phosphatidylinositol Polyphosphoinositides
Ptdins
Ptdlins4P
Ptdins4,5P2
Ins 1,4,5P3
AGONIST
Diacylglycerol d a c b

23. Classification of Noradrenergic Receptors Linked to Second-messenger Systems
Type Second-messenger system Gene family Location
β1 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
β2 Linked to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase
α1 Linked to phospholipase C mobilization
of intracellular Ca2+
α2 Linked to inhibiion of adenylyl cyclase
Cerebral cortex, cerebellum
Superfamily of G-protein Brain, blood vessels, spleen
coupled receptors
Presynaptic nerve terminals
throughout the brain

24. MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS
Nomenclature M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Predominant
Effectors
IP3/DG
cAmp 
K+ channel 

33. inactive
phosphorylas
kinase
active
inactive A-kinase
active A-kinase
cAMP
GLYCOGEN GLUCOSE 1-PHOSPHATE
GLYCOLYSIS