1. Absorption Assimilation
Ingestion
Mouth
Pharynx
Receiving
Foregut
Crop
Conducting
Storage
Digestion
Motility
Midgut (stomach)
Digestion (acidic)
Secretions
Hindgut
Digestion (basic)
Absorption
Assimilation
Storage of waste
Defecation
Fig. 14-1, p.613

2. Four basic digestive processes
Motility: muscular contractions within gut tube that mix and move forward the contents of the digestive tract
Secretion: secretion of mucus, water, electrolytes, enzymes,
Digestion: broken down structurally complex foodstuffes into smaller, absorbable units
Absorption: transfer absorbable units from digestive tract lumen into the blood or hemolymph or body cavity.

3. Fig. 14-2b, p.615

4. Fig. 14-2a, p.615

5. Table 14-1, p.616

6. Fig. 14-4, p.618

7. + + + + + Cerebral cortex Other inputs Salivary center in medulla
Conditioned reflex + +
Pressure receptors
and chemoreceptors
in mouth
Autonomic nerves
Simple
reflex +
Salivary glands
Salivary secretion
Fig. 14-6, p.622

8. Fig. 14-7, p.624

9. Esophagus Fundus Smooth muscle Gastroesophageal sphincter Body Stomach
folds
Pyloric
sphincter
Oxyntic
mucosa
Pyloric
gland
area
Antrum
Duodenum
Fig. 14-8, p.627

10. Three main function of stomach
Store ingested food
Chemical digestion with HCl and enzymes
Produce chyme (a thick, liquid mixture)

11. Fig. 14-9, p.629

12. Table 14-2, p.629

13. Table 14-3, p.632

14. Fig , p.633

15. Fig , p.634

16. Table 14-4, p.635

17. p.636

18. Table 14-5, p.636

19. Bile duct
from liver
Stomach
Duodenum
Hormones
(insulin,
glucagon)
Blood
Duct cells
secrete aqueous
NaHCO3 solution
Acinar cells
secrete digestive
enzymes
Endocrine portion
of pancreas
(islets of Langerhans)
Exocrine portion of pancreas
(acinar and duct cells)
The glandular portions of
the pancreas are grossly
exaggerated.
Fig , p.638

20. + Acid in duodenal lumen Fat and protein products in duodenal lumen
Neutralizes
Digests
Secretin release
from duodenal
mucosa
CCK release +
(secretin carried
by blood)
(CCK carried
by blood)
Pancreatic duct
cells
Pancreatic acinar
Secretion of aqueous
NaHCO3 solution into
duodenal lumen
Secretion of
pancreatic digestive
enzymes into
Fig , p.640

21. Figure 14–14 Schematic representation of liver blood flow (mammal).
Fig , p.641

22. Figure 14–15 Anatomy of the mammalian liver. (a) Hepatic lobule
Figure 14–15 Anatomy of the mammalian liver. (a) Hepatic lobule. (b) Wedge of a hepatic lobule.
Fig , p.642

23. Fig , p.642

24. Lipid-soluble portion (derived from cholesterol)
Negatively charged H2O-soluble portion (a carboxyl group at the end of a glycine
or taurine chain)
Small lipid (fat) droplet with bile salt molecules
adsorbed on its surface
Large fat droplet
Through action of bile salts
Lipid emulsion
Fig , p.644

25. Fig , p.645

26. Fig , p.646

27. Fig , p.647

28. Table 14-6, p.649

29. Fig , p.652

30. Fig , p.653

31. Fig , p.654

32. Table 14-7, p.655

33. External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) Internal anal sphincter
Transverse colon
Haustra
Taeniae coli
Descending colon
Ascending colon
Ileocecal valve
Figure 14–26 Anatomy of the large intestine (mammal, shown for a human).
Appendix
Sigmoid colon
Cecum
Rectum
External anal sphincter
(skeletal muscle)
Internal anal sphincter
(smooth muscle)
Anal canal
Fig , p.657

34. Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum To small intestine (b)
Fig b, p.661