1. Key Issue #2: Where are people distributed within urban areas?
Urbanization
Key Issue #2: Where are people distributed within urban areas?

2. The Loop, Chicago

3. Concentric Zone Model 1923, E.W. Burgess
A city grows outward in a series of rings, like the growth of a tree

4. The Burgess Concentric Zone Model

5. Sector Model 1939, Homer Hoyt
Cities develop in a series of sectors, not rings
As a city grows, activities expand outwards in a wedge (sector) from the center
Highest social class district…

6. Sector Model

7. Multiple Nuclei Model 1945, C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman
A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
Examples: a port, neighborhood business center, a university, park, or an airport
Some activities are attracted to certain nodes

8. Multiple Nuclei Model

9. Geographic Application of the Models
Effective use of the models depends on the availability of data at the scale of individual neighborhoods
Census tracts – 5000 people, and correspond to neighborhood boundaries

10. Social Area Analysis
The spatial distribution of any social characteristics (number of nonwhites, median income, % of adults finishing high school, etc…) can be plotted on a map
Social area analysis – when social scientists compare the distributions of characteristics and create an overall picture of where people tend to live

11. European Cities
Like in the U.S., wealthier people cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD
In Paris….
In contrast to the U.S….
Poorer people….

12. Less Developed Countries
The poor live…
The wealthy live…
Past European colonial policies have left a heavy mark on the development of cities in PINGs
Cities in PINGs have passed through three stages: pre-colonial, during European Colonial period, since independence

13. Mumbai, CBD
Slums of Mumbai

14. Pre-Colonial Cities Before colonization, few cities existed
Cities were often laid out surrounding a religious center
Bazaar
Families with less wealth…
Higher status business…
Secular businesses…
Food products

15. Colonial Cities Europeans expanded existing cities
European districts contain wider streets and public squares, larger houses, much lower density

16. Cities Since Independence
Focal points of change
Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford – wealthy people push out from the center into a well-defined, elite residential area

17. Johannesburg, South Africa

18. Squatter Settlements
PINGs are unable to house the rapidly growing number of poor
Squatter settlement – initiated by a group of people who move together onto land outside the city that is owned either by private individual or the government
Small parcels of the land are allocated to each participating family

19. Squatters cont….
To improve housing conditions, squatters have two choices:
Move illegally into better-quality, vacant housing closer to the city
Rent slum housing legally from a landlord
Difficult decision for the government – send in police? Improve the squatter settlement?