2. Organic Chemistry

3. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A2 2 Course Name: Organic Chemistry for Medical Students Course Code : CLS 232 Instructor : Dr. Marwa Eid “PhD of Organic chemistry”

4. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A3 COURSE OUTLINES 3 1.Introduction to organic chemistry 2. Chemical bonding 3. Acid and base 4. Alephatic hydrocarbons 4.1 Alkane 4.2 Alkene 4.3 Alkyne 5. Aromatic Hydrocarbones 6. Alcohols & Phenols 7. Ethers 8. Aldehyde & Ketones

5. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A4 4 9. Thiols 10. Carboxylic Acids 11. Esters 12. Amines COURSE OUTLINES

6. 5 What is Organic Chemistry?

7. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A6 6 Organic Chemistry Chemistry of the compounds present in living organisms. Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon.

8. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A7 What is Organic chemistry? Historical  “Organic” – derived from living organisms  Compounds such as sugar, urea, starch  Wöhler (1828) synthesis of urea Inorganic Organic

9. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A8 8 Living things Carbohydrates / Proteins / Fats / Vitamins / Antibiotics 1.1 What is Organic Chemistry Natural Sources of Organic Compounds A variety of organic products obtained from living things

10. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A9 9 Crude oil or coal Fractional distillation / destructive distillation Alkanes / Alkenes / Alkynes / Aromatic hydrocarbons Natural Sources of Organic Compounds A variety of useful products derived from crude oil and coal

11. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A10 In the past …, Chemistry Organic compounds obtained from living organisms Inorganic compounds obtained from non-living sources 1.1 What is Organic Chemistry Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science

12. 11 (Inorganic compound) (Organic compound) In 1828, Wohler (a German chemist) 1.1 What is Organic Chemistry Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science

13. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A12 The Unique Nature of Carbon

14. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A13 1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons Tend to form four strong covalent bonds Ability to form four strong covalent bonds

15. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A14 2.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon Carbon atoms link together to form chains of varying length, branched chains and rings of different sizes Catenation:  Ability of atoms in forming stable bonds with itself, hence joining up into chains or rings Ability to Catenate

16. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A15 1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon Ability to Catenate C – C > N – N > O – O Bond strength  as the number of lone pairs 

17. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A16 Single bondDouble bondTriple bond 1.2 The Unique Nature of Carbon * X = halogens

18. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A17 Hydrocarbons

19. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A18 14 | 18 Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic compounds. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and hydrogen. (H) For classification purposes, all other organic compounds are considered derivatives of hydrocarbons.

20. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A19 14 | 19 Classification of Hydrocarbons

21. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A20 Organic compounds are classified by the presence of characteristic functional groups. Functional Groups A functional group is defined as an atom or a group of atoms that effectively determines the chemical properties of an organic compound.

22. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A21

23. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A22 Examples of functional groups Alcohol –OH Halogen groups –Cl, –Br Amine –NH 2 Carboxyl – COO Carboxylic acid –COOH Amide –CONH 22

24. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A23 Homologous Series A homologous series is a series of compounds that have the same functional group, and each member differs from the next member by a – CH 2 – unit in their formulae. CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 3 H 8 C 4 H 10 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 methanemethane (CH 4 ), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), butane (C 4 H 10 ), and pentane (C 5 H 12 )ethanepropanebutanepentane

25. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A24 Number of carbon atom(s) IUPAC name Molecular formula Condensed structural formula Structural formula 1MethaneCH 4 2EthaneC2H6C2H6 CH 3 3PropaneC3H8C3H8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 4ButaneC 4 H 10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

26. 25 (1)How is organic chemistry defined nowadays? Back Answer (1)Nowadays, scientists have discovered that many organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic substances. The updated definition of organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, except for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, carbides and cyanides. These compounds have been traditionally classified under inorganic chemistry.

27. 26 (2) Identify the functional group(s) in the following compounds: Answer Carbonyl group ( )

28. 27 (3)Identify the functional group(s) in the following compounds: Answer Amino group ( ) and carboxyl group ( ) Back

29. 28 (4)State whether each of the following pairs of compounds belongs to the same homologous series. Explain your answer. Answer No, the first one is a carboxylic acid and the second one is an ester.

30. 29 (5)State whether each of the following pairs of compounds belongs to the same homologous series. Explain your answer. Answer Yes, both of them are alcohols.

31. New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A30 H.W 30 (1) Organic chemistry is the chemistry of: (a) Halide compound (b) Metallic compounds (c) Carbon compounds (2) Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen are known as: (a)Carbon hydride (b)Hydrocarbons © Carbon halides

32. 31