1. Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya
Olduwan chopper Gadeb, Ethiopia mya
Homo ergaster WT Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

2. Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia ~3 mya
Homo sp. early Homo
A.L , Hadar Ethiopia
2.3 mya

3. Australopithecus afarensis AL 288-1, Lucy Hadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya

4. Australopithecus afarensis Hadar, Ethiopia, ~3 mya
A. afarensis endocranial capacity =
consistent morphologies – more apelike than other australopithecines
dimorphism = sexual or increase in size through time?

5. chimpanzee & A. afarensis share
subnasal prognathism
large anterior dentition
diastema between lateral incisor & canine
confluence of temporal & nuchal lines
broad pneumatized cranial base
note that A. afarensis is distinct from other australopithecines in these traits

6. DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P
DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P. ROBUSTUS

7. the 3rd premolar (P3) in A afarensis = intermediate between chimpanzee 7 modern human morphologies
P3 HAS SAME ANGLE AS CHIMP-BUT = SLIGHTLY ROUNDER-HAS SMALL INNER (LINGUAL) CUSP (METACONID) MOD HUMANS = LARGER CUSP-MOLARIZATION

9. Australopithecus africanus Sts 71, Sterkfontein South Africa, 2.5 mya

10. Australopithecus sebida, 1.9-1.78 mya South Africa

11. Australopithecus sediba
endocranial capacity= cc
not greater than A. africanus
likely contemporaneous with H. ergaster
MH1=assumed juvenile male
MH2=assumed adult female

12. Paranthropus boisei OH 5 1.8 mya

14. Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya

15. Homo habilis - “handy man”
mixed morphologies
not a clearly identifiable taxon
potentially represent multiple species
demonstrates selective pressures & changes

16. Homo habilis from Koobi Fora
KNM-ER 1470, Kenya mya
KNM ER-1813 Kenya 1.9 mya

17. Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya
small brain (~510 cc)
small teeth
australopithecine-like

18. Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya

19. Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya
large brain (~750 cc)
large teeth

20. “solution”= create another species
Homo rudolfensis
“solution”= create another species

22. Homo ergaster endocranial capacity = 870 cc

23. KNM ER 15000, Homo ergaster, Nariokotome, Kenya, 1.5 mya

24. Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

25. Homo ergaster, Kenya, 1.6 mya

26. Homo ergaster
~ mya
possibly as late as 600 kya
considered ancestral to all subsequent Homo
increased brain size
increased body size
possibly more modern growth & development

27. Homo ergaster, Swartskrans, South Africa,1.8-1.9 mya
contemporaneous with P. robustus in South Africa
dental eruption may be more modern
tooth crown formation may be more apelike

28. Australopithecus afarensis L.H.-4, Laetoli, Tanzania 3.6 mya
Homo ergaster
KNM-ER 992, Kenya
~1.5 mya

29. Homo ergaster, OH9, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.2 mya
MANY SIMILARITIES TO ASIAN H ERECTUS-SUPERORBIATL TORUS –BROWRDIGES; LOW FRONTAL (FOREHEAD) ANGLED OCCIPITAL

30. Homo ergaster KNM-ER 3733, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.75 mya

31. Homo erectus, Daka, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, 1-0.8 mya
resembles H. erectus in:
endocranial capacity =995 cc
broad base
sagital keel
resembles H. ergaster in:
thin vault bones
height of vault
no occipital torus

32. H. Erectus or H. ergaster?, Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.75-2.0 mya
POSSIBLE OUT OF AFRICA EXAMPLE OF H ERGASTER

33. Reorganization of :
limb proportions
longer legs
shorter arms
trunk dimensions
ribcage=more barrel shaped
gut area reduced

34. Brain not just an increase in size differences in brain organization
cognition
thought
emotions
brain is a costly tissue
affects dietary needs
growth & development
birth

35. Comparative primate allometric expectations of proportions of human organ mass

36. Human gut lengths short
compared to other primates of our size
longer gut lengths associated with processing high volumes of low-quality foods

37. Selection on hominins appears to be:
on increased cognition-grow the size of the brain
support that through higher quality foods
and reduction in another costly tissue
the gut
is selection primarily on brains?
or on increased dietary quality?

38. complex interrelationship between diet, brain size increase, behavior, & morphology

39. antelope humerus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.8 mya
David Brill

40. FLK “Zinj” site in Olduvai Gorge, Bed 1 deposits, 1.8-1.76 mya
~100 bones show cutmarks-percussion marks
3,500 large mammal bones
2,500 Olduwan tools
hunting?
scavenging”?
carnivore remains?
natural death?
+16,000 SMALL FAUNA RODENTS=PROBABLE OWL PELLETS; 13 BONES = CUTMARKS & CARNIVORE DAMAGE; 8= CUTMARKS OVERPRINTED BY CARNIVORE; 5 CUTMARKS =ON TOP OF CARNIVORES

41. C. K Brain
questioned associations of bones with australopithecines as food remains
initated modern taphonomic research

42. Taponomy
complex sources of deposition of animal bones in sites with archaeological remains and hominin fossils
natural death
carnivores
geologic accmualtion
hominins

43. Cutmarks identifying stone tool marks natural scratches overprinting
excavator marks
using them to understand potential butchering patterns

45. Cladistics
Can get varying relationships depending on emphasis of different traits

46. multiple contemporaneous hominins-what specializations?
Paranthropus boisei
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster
Homo habilis
Scientific American 8/25/2003:22-23

47. Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya
Acheulean handaxe