1. Launching the New Nation 1789-1816 Chapter 6

2. Washington Heads the New Government Section 1

3. The New Government Takes Shape The first president of the country under the new government was George Washington. Although the Constitution laid a very strong foundation, there was no precedent, or prior example, of how to make this new government work. One of the first steps that Washington & Congress took was to create a judicial system. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a national court system. This law allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised.

6. Continued Washington & Congress also created three executive departments: Department of State – deals with foreign affairs Department of War – deals with military affairs Department of Treasury – deals with financial affairs Washington chose strong leaders to head these departments. He chose Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. He chose Henry Knox as Secretary of War. He chose Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury. These department heads soon became the presidents Cabinet, or chief advisors.

8. Hamilton and Jefferson Debate Hamilton wanted a strong central government and called for an economy that helped trade and industry. The industrial North backed Hamilton Jefferson wanted a weak central government and an economy that favored farmers. The largely agricultural South backed Jefferson. Hamilton wanted to set up the Bank of the United States. This bank would be funded by the federal government and wealthy investors. The bank would issue paper money. Hamilton convinced Congress to pass his plan a national bank, and won support from the Southern lawmakers by agreeing to build the nation’s new capital in Washington, D.C.

10. First Political Parties and Rebellion Hamilton and supporters of a strong central government were called Federalists. Jefferson and those who believed that state governments should be stronger than the federal governments were called Republicans. They later referred to themselves as Democratic-Republicans. (this party was the ancestor of today’s Democratic party) These groups served as the basis for the nation’s two-party system. Under this system, the two main political parties compete for power.

12. Continued Congress passed two important taxes: Protective tariff-placed a tax on goods imported from Europe Excise tax- sales tax on whiskey Farmers became angry about the tax and attacked tax collectors, Whiskey Rebellion

14. Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation Section 2

16. U.S. Response to Events in Europe 1789 the French overthrew their monarchy. Democratic-Republicans wanted to honor the treaty and support France. Federalists wanted to back the British. Washington decided on neutrality -support neither side. In April 1793, the French sent a diplomat, Edmond Genêt to the United States to win American support.

17. Neutrality-support no side French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support

18. Continued Ambassador Thomas Pinckney negotiated a treaty with Spain. Under the agreement, known as Pinckney’s Treaty, Spain gave up its claims to the land east of the Mississippi River. Spain also agreed to open the Mississippi River to American traffic. This treaty paved the way for American expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains.

19. Pinckney’s Treaty

20. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic

21. Native Americans Resist White Settlers One region many Americans streamed into was the Northwest Territory. This area included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Conflicts eventually broke out between the Native Americans and the white settlers. One notable clash occurred in 1790. Under the leadership of Little Turtle, a chieftain of the Miami Tribe, Native Americans defeated American troops as they fought for control of what would become Ohio. 1794 the American general defeated Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This defeat ended Native American resistance in Ohio.

22. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic Americans moving into Northwest Territories in large #s  conflicts with the Native Am. in the area Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans defeat Little Turtle and end Native Am. resistance in Ohio

23. Battle of Fallen Timbers

24. Continued That same year, U.S. diplomat John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain. Under the Jay Treaty, the British agreed to give up their forts in the Northwest Territory.

25. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle John Jay French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic Americans moving into Northwest Territories in large #s  conflicts with the Native Am. in the area Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans defeat Little Turtle and end Native Am. resistance in Ohio Jay Treaty – Britain gives up control of it’s forts in the Northwest Territory

26. Adams Provokes Criticism George Washington retired from the presidency after two terms. John Adams was elected president in 1796. The election highlighted the dangers of sectionalism - placing interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole.

27. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle John Jay Sectionalism-region interests over national French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic Americans moving into Northwest Territories in large #s  conflicts with the Native Am. in the area Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans defeat Little Turtle and end Native Am. resistance in Ohio Jay Treaty – Britain gives up control of it’s forts in the Northwest Territory Washington retires presidency  John Adams becomes pres in 1796

28. XYZ Affair France had begun to interfere with American shipping. During negotiations to resolve the matter, three French officials demanded bribes from the Americans in order to help them. The incident became known as the XYZ Affair.

29. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle John Jay Sectionalism-region interests over national French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic Americans moving into Northwest Territories in large #s  conflicts with the Native Am. in the area Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans defeat Little Turtle and end Native Am. resistance in Ohio Jay Treaty – Britain gives up control of it’s forts in the Northwest Territory Washington retires presidency  John Adams becomes pres in 1796 French interfering in American shipping  XYZ Affair: French diplomats demanded bribes from the Americans for the French to stop

30. Alien and Sedition Acts Acting on their fears, the Federalists pushed through Congress the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. These acts made it harder for immigrants to become American citizens. Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions refusing to obey the acts. They claimed to be acting on the principle of nullification - states could refuse to obey federal laws that they thought were unconstitutional.

31. Neutrality-support no side Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle John Jay Sectionalism-region interests over national Nullification- refuse to obey a federal law French Revolution  Split opinions on what countries to support in Europe -Edmond Genêt sent by French to gain U.S. support Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain gives up land east of Mississippi River, opens Mississippi for American trade and traffic Americans moving into Northwest Territories in large #s  conflicts with the Native Am. in the area Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans defeat Little Turtle and end Native Am. resistance in Ohio Jay Treaty – Britain gives up control of it’s forts in the Northwest Territory Washington retires presidency  John Adams becomes pres in 1796 French interfering in American shipping  XYZ Affair: French diplomats demanded bribes from the Americans for the French to stop Alien and Sedition Acts were passed to restrict immigration to the US. Federalists pushed the passage-were fearful of too many immigrants. VA & KY did not obey

32. Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course Section 3

34. Jefferson Wins Presidential Election of 1800 Jefferson defeated Adams by eight electoral votes. However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of electoral votes. The House of Representatives had to decide the winner. The controversy revealed a problem with the election system. The nation solved this by passing the Twelfth Amendment. The amendment called for electors to vote separately for president and vice president.

35. Aaron Bur Thomas Jefferson Twelfth Amendment Presidential election of 1800 – Jefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes. Aaron Burr, TJ’s running mate received same # of electoral votes  Congress had to vote on winner of election – revealed problem with the election system  12 th Amendment: electors to vote separately for president and vice president

36. The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson’s inauguration signaled the first time in the new nation’s history that power was transferred from one political party to another. Jefferson believed that the people should have greater control of the government. He also believed that government should be simple and small. Adams appointed John Marshall, a Federalist, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

37. Aaron Bur Thomas Jefferson Twelfth Amendment John Marshall Presidential election of 1800 - Jefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes. Aaron Burr, TJ’s running mate received same # of electoral votes  Congress had to vote on winner of election – revealed problem with the election system  12 th Amendment: electors to vote separately for president and vice president Jefferson presidency – first peaceful transfer of power from 1 political party to another in the nation’s history. Jefferson wanted less federal gov’t control/power John Marshall was appointed the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. He was a Federalist – favored strong federal gov’t

38. Continued Just before he left office, President Adams pushed a law through Congress called the Judiciary Act of 1801. This law increased the number of justices on the Supreme Court to sixteen. Adams quickly filled the positions with Federalists. The judges were called midnight judges because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his presidency. Adams’ packing of the courts with Federalists angered Jefferson and Democratic-Republicans.

39. Aaron Bur Thomas Jefferson Twelfth Amendment John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight judges Presidential election of 1800 - Jefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes. Aaron Burr, TJ’s running mate received same # of electoral votes  Congress had to vote on winner of election – revealed problem with the election system  12 th Amendment: electors to vote separately for president and vice president Jefferson presidency – first peaceful transfer of power from 1 political party to another in the nation’s history. Jefferson wanted less federal gov’t control/power John Marshall was appointed the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. He was a Federalist – favored strong federal gov’t Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed – increased the # of supreme court justices to 16  Adams appointed Federalist judges at the last minute so they couldn’t be rejected – known as midnight judges

40. Continued This debate led to one of the most important Supreme Court decisions of all time. In Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. The decision established the principle of judicial review - this allows the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.

41. Aaron Bur Thomas Jefferson Twelfth Amendment John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight judges Marbury v. Madison Judicial review Presidential election of 1800 - Jefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes. Aaron Burr, TJ’s running mate received same # of electoral votes  Congress had to vote on winner of election – revealed problem with the election system  12 th Amendment: electors to vote separately for president and vice president Jefferson presidency – first peaceful transfer of power from 1 political party to another in the nation’s history. Jefferson wanted less federal gov’t control/power John Marshall was appointed the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. He was a Federalist – favored strong federal gov’t Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed – increased the # of supreme court justices to 16  Adams appointed Federalist judges at the last minute so they couldn’t be rejected – known as midnight judges Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court case, ruled the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional, established judicial review – Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional or not

43. The United States Expands West 1803 Jefferson purchased a large amount of western land from France. It was called the Louisiana Purchase. It stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. With the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. doubled in size. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new land. Lewis and Clark led a team of soldiers and adventurers. This group included Sacajawea, a Native American woman who was a guide and interpreter. The team traveled more than two years from St. Louis to present- day Oregon.

44. Aaron Bur Thomas Jefferson Twelfth Amendment John Marshall Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight judges Marbury v. Madison Judicial review Louisiana Purchase Lewis & Clark Sacajawea Presidential election of 1800 - Jefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes. Aaron Burr, TJ’s running mate received same # of electoral votes  Congress had to vote on winner of election – revealed problem with the election system  12 th Amendment: electors to vote separately for president and vice president Jefferson presidency – first peaceful transfer of power from 1 political party to another in the nation’s history. Jefferson wanted less federal gov’t control/power John Marshall was appointed the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court. He was a Federalist – favored strong federal gov’t Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed – increased the # of supreme court justices to 16  Adams appointed Federalist judges at the last minute so they couldn’t be rejected – known as midnight judges Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court case, ruled the Judiciary Act of 1801 unconstitutional, established judicial review – Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional or not Jefferson purchases land from France that stretched from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains = Louisiana Purchase. Lewis & Clark explore this newly acquired land with their Native Am. guise & translator, Sacajawea. Took 2 years

45. The War of 1812 Section 4

46. Why did Americans want war with Britain? 1806 France began refusing to allow British goods to come into Europe. In turn, Britain decided to blockade Europe-or prevent ships from entering or leaving ports. 1807 both Britain and France had seized more than 1,000 American ships. The British also practiced impressment. This was a practice in which British forced seized American sailors and forced them to serve in the British navy. 1807 Jefferson asked Congress to declare an embargo - a ban on exporting goods to other countries. The embargo hurt American business.

47. Blockade Impressment Embargo Causes of the War of 1812: Britain set up a blockade of Europe, which prevented the U.S. from trading in European ports, French & British were seizing American trade ships  lose of $ for Americans. The British were enforcing impressment of the American sailors forcing them into the British navy against their will. Jefferson asks Congress to approve an embargo (banning exports to other countries) British goods  hurt American businesses

48. Continued General William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, persuaded several Native American chiefs to sign away millions of acres of tribal land to the U.S. government. Tecumseh, a Native American leader, organized a confederacy of Native Americans to fight for these lands. American troops defeated the confederacy in 1811. Some American leaders demanded war against Britain. The were known as war hawks. They were led by legislators John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay.

49. Blockade Impressment Embargo William Henry Harrison Tecumseh War hawks Causes of the War of 1812: Britain set up a blockade of Europe, which prevented the U.S. from trading in European ports, French & British were seizing American trade ships  lose of $ for Americans. The British were enforcing impressment of the American sailors forcing them into the British navy against their will. Jefferson asks Congress to approve an embargo (banning exports to other countries) British goods  hurt American businesses Conflicts with Native Am. – William Henry Harrison convinced Native Am. chiefs to sign away land to the U.S. gov’t  an alliance of Native Americans. is created by Tecumseh – they were defeated by Americans in 1811 War hawks, led by John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay, demanded war against Britain – fed up with British impressment and lose of $$ from the British blockade of Europe

50. The War Brings Mixed Results. James Madison became president in 1808. 1812, relations with Europe were more strained than ever. That year, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain. Congress approved the war declaration. The advantage swung to the Americans in 1815, when U.S. General Andrew Jackson scored a victory in the Battle of New Orleans. This victory came after British and American diplomats had agreed on a peace treaty. The Treaty of Ghent, 1814, declared an armistice -end to the fighting. The War of 1812 showed that the U.S. was truly independent.

51. Blockade Impressment Embargo William Henry Harrison Tecumseh War hawks Andrew Jackson Treaty of Ghent Armistice Causes of the War of 1812: Britain set up a blockade of Europe, which prevented the U.S. from trading in European ports, French & British were seizing American trade ships  lose of $ for Americans. The British were enforcing impressment of the American sailors forcing them into the British navy against their will. Jefferson asks Congress to approve an embargo (banning exports to other countries) British goods  hurt American businesses Conflicts with Native Am. – William Henry Harrison convinced Native Am. chiefs to sign away land to the U.S. gov’t  an alliance of Native Americans. is created by Tecumseh – they were defeated by Americans in 1811 War hawks, led by John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay, demanded war against Britain – fed up with British impressment and lose of $$ from the British blockade of Europe Madison became president in 1808 1812 Madison asks Congress to declare war on Britain–approved  War of 1812 Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans, which turned the course of the War of 1812 to American advantage Treaty of Ghent – signed in 1814, agreed to an armistice: end of fighting