2. The Human Genome The sequence of the nitrogenous bases found on the 23 pairs of chromosomes There are roughly 3 billion nitrogenous bases in one complete set

3. The Human Genome Project 1990-2000s A consortium of many scientists worked to sequence the entirety of the human genome Francis Collins was Director of the publicly-funded part of the project Craig Ventner was President of Celera Genomics, a private company

4. The Human Genome Project Controversy: Who “owns” the sequence of the human genome? A private company with the rights to this sequence would potentially be worth billions of dollars

5. The Human Genome Project In 2003, the HGP and Celera Genomics simultaneously published the sequence and released it on the internet for anyone to use

6. Chromosome 1 TAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAC CCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAA CCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCT AACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAAACCCTAAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA ACCCTAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACC CTACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTA ACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTAACCCTCGCGGTACCCTCAGCCGGCCCG CCCGCCCGGGTCTGACCTGAGGAGAACTGTGCTCCGCCTTCAGAGTACCACCGAAATCTGTGCAGAGGAC AACGCAGCTCCGCCCTCGCGGTGCTCTCCGGGTCTGTGCTGAGGAGAACGCAACTCCGCCGTTGCAAAGG CGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCG GCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAG AGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGCAGGCGC AGAGAGGCGCGCCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTACCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCGTGGCGC AGGCGCAGAGAGGCGCACCGCGCCGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACACATGCTAGCGCGTCCAGGGGTGGAGGCG TGGCGCAGGCGCAGAGACGCAAGCCTACGGGCGGGGGTTGGGGGGGCGTGTGTTGCAGGAGCAAAGTCGC ACGGCGCCGGGCTGGGGCGGGGGGAGGGTGGCGCCGTGCACGCGCAGAAACTCACGTCACGGTGGCGCGG CGCAGAGACGGGTAGAACCTCAGTAATCCGAAAAGCCGGGATCGACCGCCCCTTGCTTGCAGCCGGGCAC TACAGGACCCGCTTGCTCACGGTGCTGTGCCAGGGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGACTAGGGCAACTGCAGGGCT CTCTTGCTTAGAGTGGTGGCCAGCGCCCCCTGCTGGCGCCGGGGCACTGCAGGGCCCTCTTGCTTACTGT ATAGTGGTGGCACGCCGCCTGCTGGCAGCTAGGGACATTGCAGGGTCCTCTTGCTCAAGGTGTAGTGGCA GCACGCCCACCTGCTGGCAGCTGGGGACACTGCCGGGCCCTCTTGCTCCAACAGTACTGGCGGATTATAG GGAAACACCCGGAGCATATGCTGTTTGGTCTCAGTAGACTCCTAAATATGGGATTCCTGGGTTTAAAAGT

7. Chromosome 1 AAAAAATAAATATGTTTAATTTGTGAACTGATTACCATCAGAATTGTACTGTTCTGTATCCCACCAGCAA TGTCTAGGAATGCCTGTTTCTCCACAAAGTGTTTACTTTTGGATTTTTGCCAGTCTAACAGGTGAAGCCC TGGAGATTCTTATTAGTGATTTGGGCTGGGGCCTGGCCATGTGTATTTTTTTAAATTTCCACTGATGATT TTGCTGCATGGCCGGTGTTGAGAATGACTGCGCAAATTTGCCGGATTTCCTTTGCTGTTCCTGCATGTAG TTTAAACGAGATTGCCAGCACCGGGTATCATTCACCATTTTTCTTTTCGTTAACTTGCCGTCAGCCTTTT CTTTGACCTCTTCTTTCTGTTCATGTGTATTTGCTGTCTCTTAGCCCAGACTTCCCGTGTCCTTTCCACC GGGCCTTTGAGAGGTCACAGGGTCTTGATGCTGTGGTCTTCATCTGCAGGTGTCTGACTTCCAGCAACTG CTGGCCTGTGCCAGGGTGCAAGCTGAGCACTGGAGTGGAGTTTTCCTGTGGAGAGGAGCCATGCCTAGAG TGGGATGGGCCATTGTTCATCTTCTGGCCCCTGTTGTCTGCATGTAACTTAATACCACAACCAGGCATAG GGGAAAGATTGGAGGAAAGATGAGTGAGAGCATCAACTTCTCTCACAACCTAGGCCAGTAAGTAGTGCTT GTGCTCATCTCCTTGGCTGTGATACGTGGCCGGCCCTCGCTCCAGCAGCTGGACCCCTACCTGCCGTCTG CTGCCATCGGAGCCCAAAGCCGGGCTGTGACTGCTCAGACCAGCCGGCTGGAGGGAGGGGCTCAGCAGGT CTGGCTTTGGCCCTGGGAGAGCAGGTGGAAGATCAGGCAGGCCATCGCTGCCACAGAACCCAGTGGATTG GCCTAGGTGGGATCTCTGAGCTCAACAAGCCCTCTCTGGGTGGTAGGTGCAGAGACGGGAGGGGCAGAGC CGCAGGCACAGCCAAGAGGGCTGAAGAAATGGTAGAACGGAGCAGCTGGTGATGTGTGGGCCCACCGGCC CCAGGCTCCTGTCTCCCCCCAGGTGTGTGGTGATGCCAGGCATGCCCTTCCCCAGCATCAGGTCTCCAGA GCTGCAGAAGACGACGGCCGACTTGGATCACACTCTTGTGAGTGTCCCCAGTGTTGCAGAGGTGAGAGGA GAGTAGACAGTGAGTGGGAGTGGCGTCGCCCCTAGGGCTCTACGGGGCCGGCGTCTCCTGTCTCCTGGAG AGGCTTCGATGCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTGATCTTCCCTGTGATGTCATCTGGAGCCCTGCTGCTTGCGGT GGCCTATAAAGCCTCCTAGTCTGGCTCCAAGGCCTGGCAGAGTCTTTCCCAGGGAAAGCTACAAGCAGCA AACAGTCTGCATGGGTCATCCCCTTCACTCCCAGCTCAGAGCCCAGGCCAGGGGCCCCCAAGAAAGGCTC TGGTGGAGAACCTGTGCATGAAGGCTGTCAACCAGTCCATAGGCAAGCCTGGCTGCCTCCAGCTGGGTCG

8. Chromosome 1 ACAGACAGGGGCTGGAGAAGGGGAGAAGAGGAAAGTGAGGTTGCCTGCCCTGTCTCCTACCTGAGGCTGA GGAAGGAGAAGGGGATGCACTGTTGGGGAGGCAGCTGTAACTCAAAGCCTTAGCCTCTGTTCCCACGAAG GCAGGGCCATCAGGCACCAAAGGGATTCTGCCAGCATAGTGCTCCTGGACCAGTGATACACCCGGCACCC TGTCCTGGACACGCTGTTGGCCTGGATCTGAGCCCTGGTGGAGGTCAAAGCCACCTTTGGTTCTGCCATT GCTGCTGTGTGGAAGTTCACTCCTGCCTTTTCCTTTCCCTAGAGCCTCCACCACCCCGAGATCACATTTC TCACTGCCTTTTGTCTGCCCAGTTTCACCAGAAGTAGGCCTCTTCCTGACAGGCAGCTGCACCACTGCCT GGCGCTGTGCCCTTCCTTTGCTCTGCCCGCTGGAGACGGTGTTTGTCATGGGCCTGGTCTGCAGGGATCC TGCTACAAAGGTGAAACCCAGGAGAGTGTGGAGTCCAGAGTGTTGCCAGGACCCAGGCACAGGCATTAGT GCCCGTTGGAGAAAACAGGGGAATCCCGAAGAAATGGTGGGTCCTGGCCATCCGTGAGATCTTCCCAGGG CAGCTCCCCTCTGTGGAATCCAATCTGTCTTCCATCCTGCGTGGCCGAGGGCCAGGCTTCTCACTGGGCC TCTGCAGGAGGCTGCCATTTGTCCTGCCCACCTTCTTAGAAGCGAGACGGAGCAGACCCATCTGCTACTG CCCTTTCTATAATAACTAAAGTTAGCTGCCCTGGACTATTCACCCCCTAGTCTCAATTTAAGAAGATCCC CATGGCCACAGGGCCCCTGCCTGGGGGCTTGTCACCTCCCCCACCTTCTTCCTGAGTCATTCCTGCAGCC TTGCTCCCTAACCTGCCCCACAGCCTTGCCTGGATTTCTATCTCCCTGGCTTGGTGCCAGTTCCTCCAAG TCGATGGCACCTCCCTCCCTCTCAACCACTTGAGCAAACTCCAAGACATCTTCTACCCCAACACCAGCAA TTGTGCCAAGGGCCATTAGGCTCTCAGCATGACTATTTTTAGAGACCCCGTGTCTGTCACTGAAACCTTT TTTGTGGGAGACTATTCCTCCCATCTGCAACAGCTGCCCCTGCTGACTGCCCTTCTCTCCTCCCTCTCAT

9. Functional Genomics Now that the sequence is known, the next step is to understand it Functional Genomics: the study of the genes, their functions and how they are controlled

10. The Human Genome 3 billion nitrogenous bases in a set Roughly 20,000 genes contained in the genome Coding DNA makes up less than 2% of the genome Non-coding DNA therefore is more than 98% Is this DNA “junk” like many believe or does it server a purpose?

11. Further Controversy Even though the sequence of the human genome is freely available, who “owns” the information? If you make a discovery about some part of the human genome, how do you profit from it? Cloning genes….