1. Chapter 14 How Universal is access to Computers and the Web

2. How Important is this Chapter to understanding how computers work? 2 on a scale of 1-10 maybe 2 on a scale of 1-10 maybe

3. How Important is this Chapter to understanding how to use a computer? 1 on a scale of 1 to 10 1 on a scale of 1 to 10

4. NOTE: The material in the book is at least a year old so the absolute numbers are probably too low NOTE: The material in the book is at least a year old so the absolute numbers are probably too low

5. Different Levels of Access None None Very limited – only specific times or specific places Very limited – only specific times or specific places School classroom or library for example School classroom or library for example Limited Access with restrictions Limited Access with restrictions Dial up from home Dial up from home Low Speed, easy access, few restrictions Low Speed, easy access, few restrictions Dial up from home with separate phone line Dial up from home with separate phone line High Speed, easy access, very few if any restrictions High Speed, easy access, very few if any restrictions DSL, Cable modem, etc DSL, Cable modem, etc

6. Specific Types of restrictions Financial Financial Bandwidth charge. Bandwidth charge. Time charge. Time charge. Time of day charge. Time of day charge. Convenience Convenience One computer in the home -- where is it put? One computer in the home -- where is it put? Phone connection -- when is it available? Phone connection -- when is it available? Accessibility -- some areas may not have high speed connections available Accessibility -- some areas may not have high speed connections available

7. Factors that affect the ability to connect to the Net Technical Considerations Technical Considerations A Computer A Computer Electricity Electricity Ability to connect to the Internet Ability to connect to the Internet Economic Considerations Economic Considerations High cost of computers High cost of computers High cost of access. High cost of access. Political Considerations. Political Considerations. Social, Political, Religious considerations. Social, Political, Religious considerations. Individual personal considerations Individual personal considerations

8. Computer Science Majors Most are male Most are male 80% at the bachelor’s level 80% at the bachelor’s level 75% at the master’s level 75% at the master’s level 80% at the PhD level 80% at the PhD level Why? Why? Look at chart on page 389 for ethnic stats. Look at chart on page 389 for ethnic stats.

9. Software Filters A software filter is a program that blocks information from coming to the computer as Web pages or e-mail messages or perhaps in other ways A software filter is a program that blocks information from coming to the computer as Web pages or e-mail messages or perhaps in other ways Example: anti-virus software Example: anti-virus software More common Example: software that limits access to objectionable material More common Example: software that limits access to objectionable material

10. What is objectionable? Typically the user of the software can make choices. Typically the user of the software can make choices. Typically the software comes pre- configured with choices already made. Typically the software comes pre- configured with choices already made. Typically filters can be set for classes of users. Typically filters can be set for classes of users.

11. What gets filtered? Pictures Pictures Text Text Multimedia Multimedia Sound Sound Video Video Everything Everything

12. Effective filtering What gets blocked? What gets blocked? What does not get blocked? What does not get blocked? What about encrypted material? What about encrypted material?

13. How is blocking achieved Tables of objectionable Web sites Tables of objectionable Web sites Tables of non-objectionable Web sites Tables of non-objectionable Web sites Keyword examination Keyword examination Sometimes blocked material is passed but “edited” Sometimes blocked material is passed but “edited” Congress shall make no laws abridging freedom of speech, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Congress shall make no laws abridging freedom of speech, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

14. Who uses filtering? Parents Parents Companies Companies

15. How effective is filtering? Not very. Not very. Although filtering is better at the corporate level than at the home level. Although filtering is better at the corporate level than at the home level.

16. Children’s Internet Protection Act Federal law that provides for the protection of minors when using computers in some libraries - -public, school, museum, not college. Federal law that provides for the protection of minors when using computers in some libraries - -public, school, museum, not college. Restrictions are on images only, not on text. Restrictions are on images only, not on text. Obscene, child pornography, harmful to minors Obscene, child pornography, harmful to minors These terms are defined “as an average person applying contemporary community standards” would. These terms are defined “as an average person applying contemporary community standards” would. Adults (people over 17 years old) may request that such filters be removed for their personal use. Adults (people over 17 years old) may request that such filters be removed for their personal use.

17. Terminology Access Access CIPA -- Child Internet Protection Act CIPA -- Child Internet Protection Act DSL -- Direct Subscriber Line DSL -- Direct Subscriber Line Filtering software Filtering software ITAA -- Information Technology Association of America ITAA -- Information Technology Association of America