1. Blood Grouping

2. Blood Types…
There are four different types of blood group which are A, B, AB & O group.
They are determined by the type of the protein (antigen or agglutinogen) which found on the RBC
Type A, has protein (antigen) A on the RBC
Type B, has protein (antigen) B on the RBC
Type AB, has both protein (antigen) A and B on the RBC
Type O, has neither protein (antigen) on the RBC

4. Type A would have B agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type B would have A agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type AB would not have agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.
Type O would have A and B agglutinins (antibody) in the plasma.

6. Type O is the universal donor, since it does not have antigens (proteins) on the surface of the RBC’s
Type AB is the universal recipient, since it does not have agglutinins (antibody) in its plasma.

7. Average Percents…
Type O—45%
Type A—40%
Type B—11%
Type AB—4%

8. Rh positive or negative
Based on whether RBC has a antigen (protein) D on it or not
Rh+ has the protein, Rh- does not have the protein.

9. Pregnancy and blood type
Father is Rh+ blood
Mother is Rh–
Child could be Rh +.
1st pregnancy--if the baby is Rh +, then there are no complications.
However, the mother will start to develop antibodies against the Rh factor

10. Pregnancy
Second pregnancy, if the child is +, the mother’s antibodies can cross the placenta and start to attack the fetus’ blood cells, causing hemolysis.
Hemolysis--breakdown of RBC and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma which can damage organs.
This is called erythroblastosis fetalis,can cause severe anemia, jaundice possibly death.

11. Method 1-slide method. 2-Tube method. Slide Method
Material and Instruments
1-Anti-A serum
2-Anti-B serum
3-Anti-D serum

12. 4- slide
4-Microscope
6-Applicator sticks for mixing.
7-Isotonic saline(0.9%NaCI) for dilution RBC’s to prevent false agglutination due to rouleax formation.
8-WBC pipette 0.5 to 11 mark.

13. Procedure:
Use WBC pipette
Suck blood to 0.5 and dilute it with normal saline (0.9% NaCl) to 11
Shack for 10 seconds
Get rid of the first 4 drops
Put on the slid one drop of anti A, anti B , anti D ( keep a good space between each other
Add drop of the diluted blood on each anti drop(whole blood drop can be used as well)
Mix with an applicator stick and the reaction will be visible within seconds
Examine the reaction by eye and by microscope (see Table-1,2&3)

14. Reaction of subject's cells to:
Table 1: ABO grouping
Reaction of subject's cells to:
Blood group
Anti-B Sera
Anti-A Sera A
Negative agglutination
agglutination positive B AB O

15. Table 2:Rh (D) grouping Rh (D) group Reaction of subject's cells to:
Anti-D sera
Rh+
Positive agglutination
Rh_
Negative agglutination

16. Table 3: Combining ABO blood group and Rh (D) blood group
Reaction of subject's cells to:
Blood group& Rh (D)
Anti-D sera
Anti-B Sera
Anti-A Sera B_
Negative agglutination
Positive agglutination

17. Cross-Matching Test Principle of the test
It is the direct test of compatibility between the donor’s RBCs and5 the recipient’s serum or plasma.
Aim:
To find if the blood of a donor is compatible with that of recipient.
Method
1-slide method
2-tube method

18. Slide Test Materials and instruments 1-slide
2-serum or plasma from recipient(contain antibody).
3-red blood cell from donor(contain antigen)
4-istonic saline(0.9% Nacl) for dillution
5-Applicator stick.
6-microscope
7-WBC pipette.

19. Procedure
1- recipient serum or plasma: draw 1ml of blood from recipient and allow to clot . When the clot retracts, the serum can be drawn out by pipette or plasma can be used after centrifugation of whole blood mixed with anticoagulant.
2-Donor’s red blood cell: Prick the ear or finger of donor. Aspirate blood to the 0.5 mark of WBC pipette and dilute to 11 mark with 0.9 % Nacl . Mix and blow out first 4 drops.
3-place one drop of suspension of donor’s cell on a microscope slide and over it add one drop of the recipient’s serum or plasma. Mix and wait for 10 minutes. Examine under microscope.
4-if the blood is incompatible, this will be shown by agglutination + or clumping of red blood cell (seeTable 4-a)
5-if the blood is compatible, this will be shown as a uniform suspension with cells i.e no agglutination (-) (see Table 4-b)

20. Table 4- Cross-Matching test results
Compatibility
Reaction between donor’s cells and recipient’s plasma antibodies
Incompatible(could not do blood transfusion)
Positive agglutination a
Compatible (can do blood transfusion)
Negative agglutination b