1. Bio[Macro]molecules
Unit 3 – Lecture 4

2. Levels of Organization – review
Atom
Molecule
Biomolecule
[aka macro-molecule]
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

3. Biomolecules “molecules of life” – are organic molecules
organic – contains carbon [C]
ALL living things contain carbon
inorganic – does not contain carbon
are types of macromolecules
a large molecule
“macro” – large [opposite of “micro”]

4. Biomolecules – cont’d are polymers
polymer – many units of a substance joined together
“poly” – many
monomer – a single unit /the basic unit of a substance
“mono” – single

5. Biomolecules – cont’d types of reactions
hydrolysis – breaking a bond by adding water
“lysis” – to break down
makes smaller molecules from larger ones
“Reactants”
“yield” 
“Products”

6. Biomolecules – cont’d types of reactions
condensation – making a bond by taking out water
makes larger molecules from smaller ones
“Reactants”
“yield” 
“Products”

7. Biomolecules – cont’d four types: carbohydrates lipids proteins
nucleic acids

8. Carbohydrates Elements carbon [C – “carbo”] hydrogen [H – “hydr”]
oxygen[O – “ate”]
come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:1
ex: C6H12O6

9. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Monomer
monosaccharide
“saccharide” – refers to a sugar
Examples
glucose, fructose, galactose…etc.
“ose” = sugar

10. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Isomer – cmpds w/ the same chemical formula but different chem. structures
C6H12O6 = glucose
C6H12O6 = fructose
C6H12O6 = galactose

11. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Examples
disaccharides:
maltose [glucose + glucose]
sucrose [glucose + fructose]
lactose [glucose + galactose]

12. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Examples
polysaccharides:
starches
plant energy [abbr: E] storage
linear linkage of glucose molecules

13. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Examples
polysaccharides:
glycogen
animal E storage
branching linkage of glucose molecules

14. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Examples
polysaccharides:
cellulose
plant cell walls [rigid, protective]
lattice-like linkage of glucose molecules

15. Carbohydrates – cont’d
Uses
main preferred source of energy for animals
provides structure & support
cell identification

16. Lipids Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen[O]
come in ratio of ratio of 1:2:<1
ex: C12H24O2 = lauric acid; C55H98O6 = triglycerides
MUCH less oxygen than carbohydrates

17. Lipids – cont’d Monomer most often: glycerol + 3 fatty acids
aka triglycerides: long, LONG carbon-hydrogen chains

18. Lipids – cont’d Examples
fats, waxes, & oils: cholesterol & vitamin D [sterols], phospholipids [in cell membrane], olive oil, etc.

19. Lipids – cont’d Uses secondary source of energy
soap [when treated with a strong alkaline solution]
insulation
cell boundary
etc.

20. Proteins Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen [O] nitrogen [N]
most have sulfur [S]

21. Proteins– cont’d Monomer amino acids [my abbr: a.a]
C-H bond, carboxyl group [COOH], an amine group [NH2], and an “R” group
join together using a peptide bond

22. Proteins– cont’d
peptide bond – formed between H of amine group of one a.a and the OH of another’s carboxyl…
bond formed takes water out [condensation]

23. Proteins– cont’d
Examples
protein channels, antibodies, enzymes

24. Proteins– cont’d Enzyme
a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
ends in “ase”
is typically a catalyst
catalyst: increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy

25. Proteins– cont’d
activation E: amount of E it takes for a reaction to occur
can only work under certain environmental conditions

26. Proteins– cont’d How Enzymes Work:
“lock & key” model – a certain enzyme has a certain shape and will only work with a certain substrate

27. Proteins– cont’d Uses building up, replacing, and maintaining tissues,
movement
gene regulation
chemical reception [like for insulin]
chemical storage [ferritin]
immune system
…etc.

28. Nucleic Acids Elements carbon [C] hydrogen [H] oxygen [O] nitrogen [N]
phosphorous [P]

29. Nucleic Acids – cont’d Monomer nucleotide 3 parts: sugar
(de-oxy)ribose
phosphate
phosphorus
oxygen
base
A, T, C, G, U

30. Nucleic Acids – cont’d Examples DNA [de-oxy-ribo- nucleic acid] RNA

31. Nucleic Acids – cont’d Uses carry genetic information control of ALL
body processes
some form
structures to help
in protein synthesis