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2. Organic Compounds 1. Organic Compounds – A compound containing Carbon and Hydrogen 2. The most common elements in living things are: 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen 3. Common Organic Compounds: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Enzymes 5. Nucleic Acid 2

3. Carbohydrates 1. All carbohydrates are made from simple sugars and/or starches 2. End in –ose 1. Ex: Glucose, Sucrose 3. Supply energy 4. Energy is released in presence of oxygen by breaking the sugars down into carbon dioxide and water 5. Enzymes may break down starches and complex sugars into simple sugars 3

4. Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide – 1 sugar molecule 2. Disaccaride – 2 sugars bonded together 3. Polysaccaride – 3 or more sugars bonded together 4. Polymers – large molecules consisting of chains of repeating units 4

5. Dehydration Synthesis 1. Dehydration synthesis – a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules 1. Dehydration = removing water 2. Synthesis = putting together 2. Caused by enzymes 5

6. Hydrolysis 1. Hydrolysis – A water molecule reacts with a chain of sugar molecules to produce two simpler sugars 2. Caused by enzymes 3. Opposite of dehydration synthesis 6

7. Lipids 1. Lipids – fats, oils and waxes 2. Serves as a stored energy supply 3. Building block = fatty acids (a carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached) 7

8. Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids 1. Saturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with single carbon to carbon bonds 1. Ex. Cholestoral (essential compound found in animal tissue) 2. Unsaturated = fats that are formed from fatty acids with double or triple carbon to carbon bonds 8

9. Proteins 1. Proteins – used to build and run an organism’s body 2. Amino Acids – structural units of proteins; only 20 different types 1. Sequence of amino acids = Protein 3. Peptide Bonds – bond between two amino acids; bonded by dehydration synthesis 4. Its is the shape of the protein and how they fit together with other molecules that determines what proteins can do 1. Shape = Function 9

10. Jobs of Proteins 1. Enzymes – protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells 2. Receptor molecules – located on cell membrane and used to receive chemical messages 3. Antibodies – proteins in the blood that bind to help destroy foreign substances in the body 4. Hormones – secretions of the endocrine glands 10

11. Enzymes 1. Enzymes - protein catalyst that are necessary for most of the chemical reactions that occur in living cells 1. Catalyst – a substance that brings about a reaction without being changed 2. Substrate – substance that an enzyme acts upon 3. Lock and Key Model – one type of enzymes fits one and only one type of substrate (molecule). 1. If you were to change the shape of the substrate, the enzyme will no longer work (this is true for all proteins) 11

12. Factors affecting Enzymes 1. Small amounts of an enzyme can cause the reaction of large quantities of substrate 2. Very high temperatures causes proteins and enzymes to lose their shape so that they no longer work properly. This is why high fevers are dangerous. 3. Each enzymes work best at a certain pH 4. Rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the concentrations of the enzyme and substrate 12

13. Nucleic Acids 1. Nucleic Acid – contains a 5-carbon sugar, phosphorous group and a nitrogen base 2. Kinds of Nucleic Acids: 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 3. DNA – hereditary material that is passed on from one generation to the next during reproduction; directs and controls the development and activities of all cells 13

14. Nucleic Acid 14

15. Structure of DNA & RNA 1. DNA – a double stranded chain of nucleotides that resembles the shape of a twisted ladder 2. Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine( C) and Guanine (G) 3. Base Pairing : 1. A - T 2. C - G 1. RNA – a single stranded chain of nucleotides 2. Contains Nitrogen Bases: Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C ) and Guanine (G) 3. Base Pairing: 1. A – U 2. C - G 15

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