1. 15-1 “North & Central African Societies”

2. Decisions…Decisions… What are the rules in your household? What happens if you break them? How do you know what the rules are Who is in charge?

3. Setting the Stage Peoples of Africa organized to by way of political, economic, and/or social needs Climate & topography influences how communities develop

4. A Satellite View

5. Africa: The “Tropical” Continent Tropic of Cancer 20° N Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Equator 0°

6. Vegetation Zones

7. The Complete Topography Of AFRICA Nile River Congo River Zambezi River Niger River Orange River Limpopo River Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Red Sea L. Victoria L. Albert--> L. Chad--> L. Tanganyika-> <--Gulf of Aden Drajensburg Mts. Ruwenzori Mts. Δ Mt. Kenya Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro Sahara Desert Sahel Kalahari Desert Namib Desert Libyan Desert Great Rift Valley Atlas Mts. Tropic of Cancer 20° N Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Equator 0°

8. South of the Sahara, African peoples form hunting-gathering societies and stateless societies. In North Africa groups of Muslim reformers form two successive Muslim states, the Almoravid and Almohad empires. Key Idea HOME

9. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW North and central Africa developed hunting-gathering societies, stateless societies, and Muslim states. Modern African nations often must find ways to include these various peoples and traditions in one society. Overview lineage stateless societies patrilineal matrilineal Maghrib Almoravids Almohads TERMS & NAMES HOME

10. Hunter-Gatherers Oldest form of organization (Began in Africa) Small Groups (10-100) Semi-nomadic: Move for food Women = Gatherers; Men = Hunters Some trade: honey, wild game, forest products for crops

11. Social Structure Leader: Respected older male Leader doesn’t act like a chief = families make own decisions Arguments/Disputes settled through discussions No written formal laws

12. Stateless Societies Many societies organized by lineage Common ancestors Lineages included past, present, & future members = strong loyalties/bonds Authority balanced among families Ex: Igbo of Nigeria Settle disputes through meetings of different lineages

13. Family Descent Lineage through passing of possessions & property Two Traces: Patrilineal: Father to Son Matrilineal (Mother): Young men inherit from mother’s family Age-Set System: Consists of people born during a certain period Pass through life stages; ceremonies mark passage Stages differ b/w men & women System used to teach discipline, leadership, & community service

14. Muslim States Post-632: Muslims seize Northwest section of continent Conversion: Forcefully & Peacefully 670: Muslims control Egypt & enter the Maghrib Mediterranean North Africa African leaders adopt Islamic government & law

15. Islamic Law Law = religious obligation Personal life not separate from religion Regulates almost all of life Flexible to various ethnicities & cultures Berbers – Convert to Islam, maintain traditions & loyalties

16. Almoravids 11 th Century – Empire of Berbers from the western Sahara Began w/ a hajj to Mecca Brotherhood founded by Ibn Yasin & his teachings 1050s: Begin a campaign of conquest Conquer Morocco (establish Marrakesh) Capture parts of Spain & overrun Ghana

17. Almohads Mid-1100s: Seize power from Almoravids Beginnings: Religious movement from Morocco Follow teachings of Ibn Tumart Strict obedience of the Qur'an Conquer much of southern Spain Empire: First time Maghrib under one rule Breaks up into several Muslim dynasties

19. Copy this graphic into your notes to help organize your thoughts. List characteristics of stateless societies. Section 1 Assessment HOME Stateless Societies Lineages share power No centralized authority Elders negotiate conflict Age-set system

20. 2. In what ways are hunting-gathering societies and stateless societies similar? THINK ABOUT Section 1 Assessment family structures social structures methods of handling conflict ANSWER Both are based on extended family systems. Neither has a chief or centralized authority. Both try to talk out conflicts. Possible Responses: HOME