1. DNA Technology Terminology USES of DNA technology DNA fingerprinting
protein production
gene therapy
GMO - Genetically Modified Organisms
cloning
Stem Cells
Genetic Counseling

2. Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA - review
deoxyribonucleic acid
w/in DNA
genes: specific locations in DNA that codes for proteins or traits
program the production of proteins
determines traits for organisms
RNA
helps in translating code

3. adenine (A); thymine (T); cytosine (C); and guanine (G) RNA --
fig 3.6b
DNA & RNA - monomers:
nucleotides
sugar
DNA - deoxyribose
RNA - ribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases
DNA --
adenine (A); thymine (T); cytosine (C); and guanine (G)
RNA --
same, except uracil (U) instead of thymine

4. Closer Look at DNA molecule - string of nucleotides:
backbone of sugar & phosphate
deoxyribose
four bases
A, T, G, C
double helix
twisted double stranded molecule

5. Base Pairing: AT/GC rule 2 DNA strands are complementary A with T
G with C
2 DNA strands are complementary
fig 11.11

6. mRNA & tRNA work together to determine
DNA gene sequence
mRNA & tRNA work together to determine
3-base codons code for specific amino acids
sequence of amino acids determine specific proteins

7. How does proteins affect observable traits of organisms?
Example: eye color in fruit flies
normal gene codes for red eyes
Mutations code for brown or white

8. DNA Technology - Terminology:
Restriction Enzyme
cut DNA in specific spots depending on the code in the enzyme
Bacterial Vectors
Bacteria used to carry pieces of genetic information from other organisms
plasmids – ring shaped DNA
Recombinant DNA
Bacterial plasmid and inserted gene

9. Restriction Enzymes:
cut DNA
enzymes
cut at specific base sequence

10. Forming Recombinant DNA using Restriction Enzymes:
cut DNA at specific sequences creating fragments
addition of DNA from other source
new DNA fragment created
joined by ligase

11. Making “customized” bacteria

12. Uses of DNA technology: (1) DNA fingerprinting
Extract a sample of DNA
break cell & nuclear membranes
cut DNA with restriction enzymes
separate DNA fragments using electrophoresis
Make DNA visible by staining and attaching to radioactive markers
fig 11.2

13. DNA is a negatively charged molecule
Gel Electrophoresis:
DNA is a negatively charged molecule
placing it on a special liquid gel and running current through the gel will cause DNA to move from negative pole to positive pole
the large fragments move the least
Smaller fragments move the farthest
fig 11.2

14. Reading the gels:
fig 11.5
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (riff-lips)

15. Uses of DNA technology: (2) Protein production
use of microbes & cultured cells
produce
bacterial clones grown
protein
fig 11.12

16. Uses of DNA technology: (3) Gene Therapy
patient has defective gene
virus
inserts
bone marrow stem cells have potential to develop into different blood / immune cells
fig 11.19

17. Uses of DNA technology:
(4) Genetically Modified Organisms
“increase”
btCorn (resistant to corn borer)
golden rice (increase of Vitamin A production)

18. Uses of DNA technology: (4) Cloning
clone: genetic replica
reproductive cloning
therapeutic cloning
fig 11.17

19. Stem Cell categories Totipotent Pluripotent
Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells)
Embryonic Germ cells(EG cells)

20. Stem Cell categories Unipotent Multipotent
Hematopoietic stem cells (HScs)
umbilical cord blood
bone marrow

21. Genetic Counseling:
Genes for particular disorders are known
may be markers than can be tested for
determine probability of
Huntington’s Disease
If one parent has a copy of the gene 50% chance for offspring
If both parents have a copy 75%
Breast Cancer
BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene

22. Genetic Testing // IVF Genetic Screening
pedigree analysis or direct genetic testing available for Cystic Fibrosis
parents with a family history of Cystic Fibrosis can screen embryos for the disorder PRIOR to in vitro fertilization
fertilization occurs
single cell removed
embryos
first child as the result of this screening born in 1990