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3. Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils 3

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5. HMS Beagle at sea Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage NORTH AMERICA Malay Archipelago SOUTH AMERICA Great Britain ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Equator Tasmania New Zealand Brazil Argentina Cape Horn Chile Andes Mtns. Genovesa PACIFIC OCEAN Equator Pinta Marchena Fernandina Florenza Pinzón Santiago Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe Isabela Española San Cristobal Kilometers 040 20 The Galápagos Islands 5

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Seed-eater (a) Cactus-eater(c) Insect-eater 6

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9. Moeritherium † † Barytherium Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) † Deinotherium † Mammut † Platybelodon † Stegodon Elephas maximus (Asia) Mammuthus † Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Millions of years ago Years ago 6034 245.52 10 4 0 9

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wild mustard Kohlrabi Cabbage Kale Broccoli Selection for leaves Selection for stems Selection for flowers and stems Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts 10

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12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Spore cloud 12

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo 13

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit Beak length (mm) On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) Museum-specimen average Field Study Results Beak Number of individuals 6 78 9 1110 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 14

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Year Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 Annual hospital admissions with MRSA (thousands) ’05 400 ’93 ’94’95 ’96 ’97’98’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03’04 350 300 200 250 100 150 50 0 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production Increased disease severity Ability to colonize hosts Methicillin resistance Key to adaptations 250,000 base pairs 500,000 750,000 2,000,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 2,250,000 2,500,000 2,750,000 1 15

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Humerus Carpals Radius Human Ulna Metacarpals Phalanges WhaleCatBat 16

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human embryo Chick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail 17

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA Sugar glider Flying squirrel 18

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cetaceans and even-toes ungulates Most mammals (d) Odocoileus (deer) (c) Sus (pig)(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus 19

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hippopotamuses Common ancestor of cetaceans Other even-toed ungulates Living cetaceans Millions of years ago Tibia Foot 70 Key Femur Pelvis 60 50 40 30 2010 0 Pakicetus † Rodhocetus † Dorudon † 20

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Observations Inferences and Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 21