1. Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 41
Reproductive Systems
Lecture Outline
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2. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Outline
Reproductive Systems
41.1 How Animals Reproduce
41.2 Human Male Reproductive System
41.3 Human Female Reproductive System
41.4 Control of Human Reproduction
41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases

3. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
41.1 How Animals Reproduce
Reproductive Systems
Asexual Reproduction
Some invertebrates can reproduce asexually:
Sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, annelids, echinoderms
Ex: Hydras can reproduce asexually as an outgrowth (bud) of the parent
Ex: Flatworms reproduce asexually by splitting in half
Ex: Sponges, annelids, and echinoderms can have the ability to regenerate from fragments

4. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Reproduction in Hydra
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
budding of new polyp
parental polyp
© Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Visuals Unlimited

5. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
How Animals Reproduce
Reproductive Systems
Sexual Reproduction
Animals usually produce gametes in specialized organs termed gonads
Testes produce sperm
Ovaries produce eggs
Parthenogenesis
Modification of sexual reproduction
Unfertilized egg develops into a complete individual

6. Damselflies Mating on Land
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Damselflies Mating on Land
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
male grasps female
female curls tail
© Herbert Kehrer/zefa/Corbis

7. Human Male Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Production of Sperm
Seminiferous tubules
Tubes packed with cells undergoing spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia divide to produce primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to produce four spermatids, each of which matures into a sperm cell
Consists of three parts:
head – acrosome and nucleus
middle piece
tail

8. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Testis and Sperm
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
vas deferens
epididymis
interstitial
cells
immature
sperm
Sertoli
cell
uncoiled
seminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
100 µm
b. Seminiferous tubules
a. Testis, cut to show lobules
(b): © Anatomical Travelogue/Photo Researchers, Inc.

9. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Testis and Sperm
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MITOSIS
MEIOSISI
MEIOSISII
spermatogonium
(diploid)
primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
secondary
spermatocyte
(haploid)
early
spermatid
(haploid)
late
spermatid
(haploid)
immature sperm
(haploid)
acrosome
head
middle piece
tail
nucleus of
Sertoli cell
end piece
c. Spermatogenesis
d. Sperm 9

10. Human Male Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Hormonal Regulation in Males
Hypothalamus has ultimate control of testicular sexual function
Gonadotropic-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates production of the gonadotropic hormones by the anterior pituitary
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Promotes spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Controls production of testosterone by the interstitial cells of testes

11. Human Male Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Hormonal Regulation in Males
Testosterone
Major sex hormone in males
Establishes and maintains secondary sex characteristics
Responsible for greater muscular development in males

12. Hormonal Control of the Testes
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Hormonal Control of the Testes
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hypothalamus -
GnRH -
anterior
pituitary - -
FSH LH + +
Seminiferous
tubules
produce
sperm
plus inhibin.
Interstitial
cells
produce
testosterone.
testis

13. 41.3 Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
41.3 Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
The Ovaries, Uterus, and Vagina
An oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary into the coelom
Swept into oviduct by the fimbriae of the oviducts and the beating of cilia lining the oviducts
Fertilization normally occurs in the oviduct
Ciliary action moves the developing embryo to the uterus
Embryo embeds in the uterine lining (endometrium)

14. Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
The Ovaries, Uterus, and Vagina (cont.)
Cervix
Narrow end of the uterus
Opening in the cervix leads to the vaginal canal
Vagina
Tube at a 45-degree angle to the small of the back
Contains mucosal lining
Bacteria create an acidic environment
Protects against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

15. Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
The Female Orgasm
External genital organs are collectively known as the vulva
Mons pubis, labia minora, and labia majora are on either side of the urethral and vaginal openings
Clitoris has a shaft of erectile tissue and is capped by a pea-shaped glans

16. Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
The Ovarian Cycle
Follicle changes from a primary to a secondary to a vesicular (Graafian) follicle under the influence of FSH and LH
Ovulation
Release of secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle
Secondary oocyte enters an oviduct
Follicle develops in corpus luteum
Degenerates if pregnancy does not occur

17. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Ovarian Cycle
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2. The secondary follicle contains
a secondary oocyte.
3. Vesicular (Graafian)
follicle develops.
secondary
follicle
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
primary
follicles
secondary
oocyte
1. A primary follicle contains
a primary oocyte.
Ovarian cycle
6. Corpus luteum
degenerates.
4. Ovulation: Oocyte
is released.
corpus
luteum
5. Corpus luteum develops.
oocyte a.
first polar
body
second polar
body
sperm
Sperm enters, and
meiosis II goes
to completion.
MEIOSIS I
MEIOSIS II
primary oocyte
(46 chromosomes)
secondary oocyte
(23 chromosomes)
egg b.
© Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc.

18. Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Phases of the Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
FSH promotes the development of a follicle
Follicle then secretes estrogens
Luteal Phase
LH promotes development of the corpus luteum
Corpus luteum then secretes progesterone

19. Hormonal Control of Ovaries
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Hormonal Control of Ovaries
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hypothalamus
-/+
GnRH -
anterior
pituitary -
-/+
FSH
follicle + LH +
corpus
luteum
oocyte
estrogen
progesterone

20. Female Hormone Levels During the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Female Hormone Levels During the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Reproductive Systems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anterior pituitary
Hormone
Levels
FSH LH
Ovarian cycle
Ovarian
Events
developing follicles
mature follicle
Ovulation
corpus luteum
Follicular Phase
Luteal Phase
estrogen
Hormone
Levels
progesterone
Uterine cycle
Endometrium
Menstruation
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 30

21. Human Female Reproductive System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 43
Human Female Reproductive System
Reproductive Systems
Fertilization and Pregnancy
If fertilization occurs, an embryo begins developing as it travels down the oviduct to the uterus
The embryo becomes embedded in the uterine lining several days after fertilization
Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Maintains the corpus luteum until placenta begins production of progesterone and estrogen
Detected in pregnancy tests 21