1. Writing 1 and Writing 2—January 14, 2016
Journal #8:  Are you the last person to speak up in a group or the first to have an idea?  Why do you think that is?
I will collect Journals tomorrow for a quiz grade. By tomorrow, you should have all nine completed. If you are missing any, you need to look on the PPs on the website and catch up.
Tonight’s homework: Complete outline (if necessary) and bring a completed rough draft of argumentative essay to class tomorrow.

2. Who is Edward Snowden?
Snowden is a former NSA contractor who leaked information, via the Internet, to the world that his agency (NSA) what collecting information regarding specific individuals and organizations, both political and personal. Some feel it was an act of heroism; others think Snowden betrayed his country and is a traitor.

3. Argumentative Essay
Prompt: Is Snowden a hero or a traitor? In making your argument, use evidence from the texts and discussion from the Philosophical Chairs activity to support your claims.

4. Chocolate IS better than Vanilla!
Argumentative Prompt
The argumentative essay requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
You will read two to four passages that present opposing points of view. Each point of view will be equally represented so that you can take either side or position.
You will be required to support your claim with evidence from the passages.
Chocolate IS better than Vanilla!
Where’s your PROOF, boy!

5. Argumentative Prompt Guidelines
Write an argumentative essay in which you argue whether Snowden is a hero or a traitor. Use the information from the texts in your essay.
Be sure to
Include a claim;
Address counterclaims;
Use evidence from multiple sources; and
Avoid overly relying on one source.

6. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Using the PETAL Method

7. Getting started… 1. ALWAYS WRITE IN 3RD PERSON
-Use she, he, they, or be specific – name the author
2. ALWAYS WRITE IN PRESENT TENSE
Pretend like it is happening NOW!
3. Stick to the facts
- Keep your opinions out of it.

8. PETAL
P- POINT Sentence One: What is the point you are trying to make? How does this support your claim?

9. PETAL
E – EXAMPLE Sentence two: Give an example of your point in your own words
Write to explain your claim/reason in your own words (for example)
For example, ...
... as can be seen in ...
... supports ...
An illustration of ...
... as demonstrated by ...
... is observed ...
Specifically, ...
... is shown ...
... exemplifies ...
Such as ...
As an example ...
To illustrate, ...
For instance, ...

10. PETAL
T- TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Sentence three: Provide textual evidence to support your point
Don’t forget your lead- in!
Don’t forget your “quotations”
According to the text… According to the author…
An example from the text… The author says/states…
In the text it says/states For instance in the text…
On page ____, it says… The text also cites…
In addition, the author also writes…

11. PETAL A- AN EXPLANATION Sentence four: Explain your evidence
How does this evidence prove your claim/reason?
The evidence proves… The evidence shows…
This demonstrates… because… This is evidence because…
This (image/quote) shows… This (image/quote) proves…

12. PETAL L – LINK Sentence five: Link your evidence to your overall point
How does the evidence relate back to your claim/reason?
LINK it all together
Further explain!!

13. How to cite quotes
The MLA (Modern Language Association) style of writing requires you to cite the name of the author and the page number when citing quotes in essays. If you're citing poetry, then you'll have to cite the lines of poetry instead of page numbers. Unlike in APA style, you do not have to provide the year the quote was written in the actual body of your essay, though you will need to do so in a detailed references page at the bottom of your essay.

14. Cite short quotations. In MLA style, a short quote is considered anything that is fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of poetry. If you have a quote that meets this length requirement, then all you have to do is 1) enclose the quote with double quotation marks, 2) provide the author's last name, and 3) provide the page number. You can either introduce the author's name before the quote, or place it in parentheses after the quote. You can just write the page number at the end, without using "p" or anything else to signify the page number.
Make sure to introduce a quote with some text; don't just start a quote without introducing it or the readers won't be oriented. Use a few words to introduce a quote and then begin it with quotation marks that hold the quote; after that, cite the author's last name and page number in parentheses and place a period (or whatever punctuation you're using) at the end of the sentence.
Here is an example:
According to some critics, literary fiction, "is all but dead in the 21st century"(Smith 200).

15. You can also introduce the author's name in the text instead of placing it in parentheses at the end.
Here's another way to do it:
Jones states that, "People who read literary fiction are proven to be able to sympathize with others more easily"(85).
You can also introduce a quote, cite it, and then comment on it a bit like this:
Many people believe that "Sports have no meaning whatsoever,"(Lane 50), while others disagree completely.

16. If there's a punctuation mark in the original quote, then you'll have to include it in the citation:
Harry Harrison, the protagonist, always starts his day by saying, "What a beautiful morning!"(Granger 12).
If you're citing poetry, then you can do so by citing the lines that the poem is using, while using a "/" to separate the lines, like so:
As Miller states, "There is nothing cuter/than a cat sneezing" (11-12), and many cat lovers would attest to this fact.

17. Use ellipses (…) to omit any parts of a quote that aren’t necessary for your essay.
Here's an example:
Smith believes that many Ivy League students "feel that teaching isn't as ambitious a profession… as banking"(90).
Cite quotes with multiple authors. If you want to cite a quote that has more than one author, then you'll have to separate the names by commas and the word "and".
Here's how it will look:
Many studies find that MFA programs "are the single biggest factor for helping first-time writers publish their work"(Clarke, Owen, and Kamoe 56).

18. Argumentative Essay Outline
Introduction: Introduce your claim, hook your reader, and establish a formal style.
Those who use technology are aware that what they search for, post, or use online is being watched, and in essence could be used against them in the wrong hands. It is no secret that the government is looking into the activity of terrorist organizations and other groups that would choose to harm our country, and rational people realize that this means the government is most likely looking into individual . Although government spying infringes on personal liberties, Edward Snowden’s actions in leaking confidential NSA information are traitorous.
Point #1
P—Edward Snowden is a traitor because in exposing the American government’s secrets, he hurt relations between other countries.
E—Specifically, he interrupted a cooperative agreement between Australia and Indonesia.
T—According to Jay Carafano, “the two democracies had worked out a practical, mutually beneficial information-sharing deal that helped them deal with sensitive issues like refugees and human trafficking. Snowden’s disclosures have now jeopardized this valuable cooperative effort” (paragraph 4) or (2).
A—Many governments are collecting information that is crucial to helping the less fortunate, and not just trying to target individuals who oppose them.
L—Therefore, Snowden’s revelations hindered the government from continuing their efforts to aid those in need which is a devastating consequence of his actions.

19. Argumentative Essay Outline
Point #2 P E T A L
Point #3
Counterclaim and Refutation: Share the counterclaim(s) and provide facts and examples to refute it.
Some critics argue that government spying infringes on the rights of the individual. However,…
Conclusion: Provide a concluding statement that follows from and supports the argument presented.