1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. Timeline

3. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire ( )
National Assembly rejected his call for revision of
constitution to allow him to stand for reelection
Responded by seizing government by force
Restored universal male suffrage and asked
that the empire be restored
Assumed the title of Emperor Napoleon III,
December 2, 1852
The Second Napoleonic Empire
Authoritarian government
Early domestic policies
Economic prosperity
Reconstruction of Paris
Baron Haussmann
Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition

4. Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure
Sent troops to Mexico (with Britain & Spain) in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservatives
French forces remained after order had been restored
Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864
Maximilian overthrown and executed in May 1867
Archduke Maximilian of Austria

5. Foreign policy: Crimean War
The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment of the Russian Empire
Loss of territory
The War
Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia
and Wallachia
Turks declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia,
March 28, 1854
Destroys the Concert of Europe
War ends in March, 1856
Political effects of the war

6. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Piedmont
Victor Emmanuel II ( ) of
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )
Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy,
March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870
Garibaldi

7. National Unification: Germany
William I,
Wanted military reforms
Otto von Bismarck ( )
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik
The Danish War (1864)
Schleswig and Holstein
Joint administration with Austria
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Austrian defeat at Königgratz,
July 3, 1866
North German
Confederation
Military agreements
with Prussia
Otto Von Bismarck

8. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Dispute with France over the throne of Spain
French declaration of war, July 15, 1870
Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871/Alsace-Lorraine!!!
Southern German states join Northern German Confederation
William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire (1st was medieval HRE)

9. William I proclaimed Kaiser at Versailles

10. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

11. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities
North-central Europe c. 1867
Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

12. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
Problems with emancipation
Zemstvos (local assemblies)
Growing dissatisfaction
Assassination of Alexander II (1881)
Alexander III ( )
Return to traditional methods
of repression
Alexander II
Alexander III

13. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Queen Victoria
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic growth
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age
Benjamin Disraeli ( )
Extension of voting rights
Reform Act, 1867
William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)
Liberal reforms
Education Act of 1870
Benjamin
Disraeli
William
Gladstone

14. Nation Building: North America
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
The cotton economy
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860
Civil War,
North has the advantage
Grant and Lee and the war’s end
Emergence of the Canadian Nation
By 1800 want more autonomy
By 1837 several groups rebelled
The Dominion of Canada, 1867

15. Industrialization on the Continent
Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871)
Mechanization of textile and cotton industries
Growth of iron industries
Elimination of trade barriers
Government support and financing

16. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle
Stages of history
End result of history is a classless society
After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
Internal problems
Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx

17. A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy
Louis Pasteur –
germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleyev –
atomic weights
Michael Faraday –
generator
Science and Materialism
Louis Pasteur
Dmitri Mendeleyev
Michael Faraday
Faraday’s generator

18. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a
long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the
environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted
HMS Beagle

19. A Revolution in Health Care
Pasteur and Germs
New Surgical Practices
Joseph Lister
New Public Health Care Measures
Public hygiene
New Medical Schools
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)
Louis Pasteur
Joseph Lister's antiseptic steam spray producer
Elizabeth Blackwell

20. Science and the Study of Society
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857)
System of Positive Philosophy
Positive knowledge
Primacy of sociology

21. Realism in Literature and Art
The Realistic Novel
Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
Charles Dickens ( )
Realism in Art
Gustave Courbet ( )
Portrayal of everyday life
Jean-Francois Millet ( )
Scenes from rural life
Charles Dickens
Gustave Courbet: The Stone Breakers
Jean-Francois Millet: The Gleaners

22. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism
Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886)
New German School
Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)
Development of a national opera
Ring of the Nibelung
Franz Liszt
The Ride of the Valkyries
William T. Maud