1. Ecology versus Economics n Two separate disciplines, with two separate world views. n In economics, the focus is on short- term profits. n In ecology, the economy is only one part of the ecosystem.

2. Ecology and Poverty n Poverty is an aspect of the environment. n Economic policies that create or sustain poverty, destroy the environment. n Policies that destroy the environment for short-term gain are not sustainable.

3. Environmentalism and Trade n These two concepts are inextricably linked. n Environmental regulations do not affect all communities equally. n Some communities are more concerned about economic development than environmentalism.

4. The Free Rider Principle n Countries can benefit most if they pollute but others do not. n The incremental damage to the environment by one actor is minor as long as others do not imitate. n Verification is necessary to ensure enforcement of international agreements. n This compromises sovereignty.

5. Environmental Enforcement n Bribes…they work but are rarely used. n Punishments…they rarely work but are often used. There are moral problems. –If offending country is poor, poor people are hurt, not the elite. –Ecocolonialism n Should environmental standards vary by country and region?

6. Free Trade versus Environmentalism n GATT: an international trade agreement that is also a set of principles base on the philosophy of free trade. –elimination of tarrifs –nondiscrimination with regard to the sources of supply –similar rules within a country on goods produced internally or imported

7. Environmentalism conflicts with GATT n The environment extends beyond national boundaries. n With GATT, a country can pollute or be clean, but it cannot require other countries to follow a similar path. n Trade sanctions based on environmental concerns will usually violate GATT rules.

8. GATT n The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT) is orchestrated by the World Trade Organization (WTO). n Domestic local, state or federal laws can be internationally challenged under GATT. n The GATT panel of judges sit in Geneva. If a nation loses a challenge, then it must enforce GATT’s ruling or suffer the consequences.

9. The way to combat GATT is to make international environmental agreements. GATT and all trade agreements compromise national sovereignty. All international environmental agreements also compromise national sovereignty.

10. International Environmental Agreements n The Basle Convention on trade in hazardous waste n The Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) n The Montreal Protocol