1. BELLWORK 12/8 How did the Renaissance change knowledge and education?
How did the government change during Reformation?
What is an absolute monarchy? Give two examples of absolute monarchs who ruled during the period. ( )
What is philosophy? What might a philosopher from the Renaissance write about?
THINKER: What is a thesis statement? Create your own thesis statement for one of the following:
Why CDO is awesome
Your favorite subject and why it is your favorite
Your favorite holiday and why it is your favorite

2. Fall Final Essay: Cause & Effect Thesis
WRONG:
RIGHT:
The corruption of the church was characterized by the sale of indulgences, power of the clergy and use of the Inquisition. These abuses of power led to the Reformation period which made indulgences illegal, translated the bible, and separated church and state.
Since the Catholic Church did bad things they went through a Reformation period. After this period, they changed a lot of their practices.

3. Fall Final: Geography Portion
You will be asked to identify key countries of study during the fall semester.
Use the map handout to label important countries from:
Early Civilizations
Middle Ages
Renaissance and Reformation

4. Fall Final Study Guide: 70 pts.
WRONG:
RIGHT:
Achievements of early civilizations were government, farming, architecture, math, compass, weapons and writing.
Egypt: Hieroglyphics, tombs, polytheistic, government ruled by pharaoh (New, Old, Middle Kingdom)
Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent = focus on farming, ziggurats (polytheistic), cuneiform, numbering years, plow, domestication of animals
You are preparing for a FINAL that is worth 10% of your grade! Include as much detail as possible! This is the best way to study!

5. Politics during the Renaissance
Absolute monarchs and the philosophers that challenged them

6. Absolute Monarchies
In the 1500’s and 1600’s, European monarchs sought to create powerful kingdoms in which they could command the complete loyalty of all their subjects.
This form of government, known as absolutism, placed absolute, or unlimited, power in the monarch and his/her advisers.
The strength of absolutism rested on divine right – the political idea that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to God alone for their actions.
An absolute monarchy, it was reasoned, would unify diverse peoples and bring greater efficiency and control.

7. Spain – Philip II 7

8. England – Elizabeth I 8

9. France - Louis XIV 9

11. Louis XIV 11

13. Russia - Peter the Great13

14. Intro to Enlightenment
Brainstorm a list of things you know about the U.S. government. (How is it set up? Branches? People? Etc.)

15. The Enlightenment
“All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” John Locke

16. Skepticism What does this Renaissance value mean?
Why were people questioning things after the Middle Ages?
What kinds of things were people questioning?

17. The Enlightenment The period in Europe from ~1600 – 1800
Time of rapid scientific development, exploration of the New World and challenges to church and state authorities.
Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason to solve the problems of humans

18. Question of Government
What is philosophy?
European philosophers began debating the question of who should govern a nation—
should kings continue to rule absolutely or should democratic forms of government develop?

19. John Locke
The government should be limited and uphold people’s natural rights, and if did not, people could rebel
Created concept of “inalienable” natural rights--life, liberty and property (everyone had these!)

20. Thomas Hobbes
Argued that absolute monarchy was the best form of government
Believed people were naturally corrupt and violent, and could only be controlled with an absolute monarchy
Social Contract- People give up rights and personal freedoms in exchange for protection from ruler

21. Baron de Montesquieu
Promoted the idea of separation of powers-power should be divided equally among the branches of government
This created a balance of power in which all branches “check” power of the others
Three branches: Executive, Judicial, Legislative

22. Identify the 3 branches of government and their role in the United States today.

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society
Right to rule rested with the people and should rule for the common good
Supported and influenced idea of democracy

24. Conclude…
What aspect of Rousseau’s philosophy do we have in our US Government?

25. Voltaire Believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government
Advocate of freedom of speech and religion
Believed an “enlightened monarch” was the most suitable ruler (allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education)

26. Voltaire
“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”
Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? What is he advocating? Why?

27. Brainstorm…..
Think of 5 things from the Enlightenment Era that are present in America’s government.

28. BELLWORK 12/9
For bellwork today, we will review over two major religions  Hinduism & Buddhism.
For whichever religion you are assigned, answer the following:
Who is the founder?
Polytheistic or monotheistic?
Sacred text?
Where is it practiced?
List 4 of their religious beliefs/practices.

29. Religion Review What do Buddhism and Hinduism have in common?
How is Buddhism different than other world religions?
What do the monotheistic religions have in common? (Judaism, Islam, Christianity)

30. The Scientific Revolution
“No great discovery was ever made without a bold guess”
--Isaac Newton

31. The Middle Ages People believed: The earth was flat
The earth was the center of the universe
(God created the universe to serve people, therefore it was the center)
This idea was called the Geocentric Theory

32. Scientific Revolution
A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of “ancient” ideas
Laid the foundation of modern science.

33. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Changing role of the Catholic church
Enlightenment
New ideas - Questioning attitude (skepticism)
New approaches to seeking knowledge
New technology
Exploration – showed the unknown
Read pgs & complete the worksheet.

34. Nicolaus Copernicus
In the late 1400s, Copernicus began to challenge this old way of thinking
He believed the earth was round and rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun
He believed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
This was called the Heliocentric Theory

35. Johannes Kepler German astronomer in the early 1600s
Defended and expanded ideas of Copernicus
He used mathematical formulas to prove that the planets revolve around the sun (laws of planetary motion)
Kepler also proved the planets move in oval ellipses, and move faster as they approach the sun

36. Galileo Galilei
In 1609, mathematician Galileo expanded the ideas of Copernicus by proving that planets revolve around the sun, not the earth
He also made improvements on the telescope, observed sun spots, improved compass design and discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter, now called the Galilean Moons

37. Galileo Continued…
In 1632, after publishing his ideas, Galileo was forced to stand trial for speaking against church ideas
He was forced to recant his views and lived out his life under house arrest

38. Francis Bacon Late 1500s/Early 1600s
Helped develop (along with Galileo) Scientific Method—scientists observe, hypothesize, and experiment to prove scientific law

39. Isaac Newton
In his book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), Newton described the three laws of motion and gravity (basis for modern engineering)
Helped develop calculus and created “Newton’s Method” for finding zeroes of a function
Invented the reflecting telescope, studied the speed of sound and law of cooling

40. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
A body continues to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force
F = ma: the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

41. Connections….
How did the Scientific Revolution change scientific beliefs of the Middle ages?
What new ideas in the Scientific Revolution do you still study today?
Who was the most important scientist in the Scientific Revolution? Why?

42. REVIEW Copernicus Kepler Galileo Bacon Newton
Explain the main achievement of each scientist during the Scientific Revolution:
Copernicus
Kepler
Galileo
Bacon
Newton
Make a prediction  How did the Catholic church respond to the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution?