1. AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 17 th – 19 th Century Also Known as Age of Reason

2. 1500ISH-1700ISH  Monarchs = Kings  Absolute monarchs were kings who believed in the idea of Devine Right  DEVINE RIGHT = Idea that GOD put them on the earth to rule  Because of the way these monarchs treated the people they ruled, many started to get the idea for REVOLUTION.

3. THOMAS HOBBES  Nationality: English (From England)  Book: Leviathan  Belief on government: People are naturally evil, selfish, and power hungry. Because of this he believed that Kings should rule the people  Quote: “Without government our lives would be nasty, brutish, and short” –Tommy Hobbes  Do you agree with him?

4. JOHN LOCKE  Nationality: English  Book: Two Treaties on Government  Belief on government: People are born with NATURAL RIGHTS and government must protect our natural rights.  LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY  Tabula Rasa “ALL people have the natural rights including life, liberty, and property”  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZBs78WQuUc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZBs78WQuUc

5. VOLTAIRE  Nationality: French  Book: Candide – Wrote poetry, plays, and historical works  Belief on government: 1. Freedom of speech so people could express their opinions about the government. 2. Believed in freedom of religion so people could worship God in the way they wanted. 3. Separation of church and state “ I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

6. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU  Nationality: French  Book: The Social Contract  Belief on government: Government is an agreement or contract between ruler and people.  Believed that having an absolute monarchy prevented people from having true freedom “No man has any natural authority over his fellow men”

7. MONTESQUIEU  Nationality: French  Book: On the Spirit of Laws  Belief on government: Believed government should be separated into 3 branches  He said that the 3 branches of government would help keep the government from becoming too powerful  Checks and balances- Each branch would check the others to make sure the one does not abuse its power  Example: The President (Commander and Chief) cannot enter a war without the consent of Congress (Senate and House of Reps)

9. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT  Nationality: English  Book: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  Belief: Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience.  What role did women play during this time period?

10. EFFECTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS  Ideas spread through England and France  Kings were criticized more than ever  People began questioning the way of life under Kings  New + Absolute Monarchs = REVOLUTION!  The people began to fight for their freedoms and wanted a CHANGE in their government.