1. Evolution of Internetworking
ICND
Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2. Data Communication Example
message
Data
Data

3. Data Communication Example
message
Data
Data
Segment
Header
Data
Segment

4. Data Communication Example
message
Data
Data
Segment
Header
Data
Segment
Network
Header
Segment
Header
Data
Packet

5. Data Communication Example
message
Data
Data
Segment
Header
Data
Segment
Network
Header
Segment
Header
Data
Packet
Frame
(medium dependent)
Frame
Header
Network
Header
Segment
Header
Frame
Trailer
Data

6. Data Communication Example
message
Data
Data
Segment
Header
Data
Segment
Network
Header
Segment
Header
Data
Packet
Frame
(medium dependent)
Frame
Header
Network
Header
Segment
Header
Frame
Trailer
Data
Bits

7. Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc..
The Layered Model
ICND
Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc..

8. Peer-to-Peer Communications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
HOST A
HOST B

9. Peer-to-Peer Communications
HOST A
HOST B
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

10. Peer-to-Peer Communications
HOST A
HOST B
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
segments
packets
frames
bits

11. Data Encapsulation Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical

12. Data Encapsulation Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data

13. Data Encapsulation Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data
Transport
Header
Data

14. Data Encapsulation Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data
Transport
Header
Data
Network
Header
Data

15. Data Encapsulation Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data
Transport
Header
Data
Network
Header
Data
Frame
Header
Data

16. Data Encapsulation 0101101010110001 Application Presentation Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application
Header
Data
Presentation
Header
Data
Session
Header
Data
Transport
Header
Data
Network
Header
Data
Frame
Header
Data

17. Application, Presentation, and Session Layers
ICRC_revision_11.3
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.

18. Computer Applications
Application Layer
Computer Applications
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Design/Manufacturing
Project Planning
Others
Selects network application to support user’s application

19. Computer Applications
Application Layer
Computer Applications
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Design/Manufacturing
Project Planning
Others
Network Applications
Electronic Mail
File Transfer
Client/Server Process
Network Management
Others
Selects network application to support user’s application

20. Presentation Layer
• Text • Data ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
login:
Computer Representation of Meaningful Information
Compression Techniques
Provides code formatting and conversion for applications

21. Presentation Layer
• Graphics • Visual Images PICT TIFF JPEG GIF
• Text • Data ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
login:
Computer Representation of Meaningful Information
Compression Techniques
Provides code formatting and conversion for applications

22. Presentation Layer
• Graphics • Visual Images PICT TIFF JPEG GIF
• Text • Data ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
login:
• Sound • Video MIDI MPEG QuickTime
Computer Representation of Meaningful Information
Compression Techniques
Provides code formatting and conversion for applications

23. Session Layer
Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts
Service Request
Service Reply

24. Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Transport Layer
ICRC_revision_11.3
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.

25. Transport Layer Overview
Segments upper-layer applications
Establishes an end-to-end connection
Sends segments from one end host to another
Optionally, ensures data reliability

26. Transport Layer Overview
Segments upper-layer applications
Establishes an end-to-end connection
Sends segments from one end host to another
Optionally, ensures data reliability

27. Sharing a Transport Connection
Application
File
Transfer
Electronic
Mail
Presentation
Session
Application
Port
Data
Application
Port
Data
Transport
Multiplex communications from different applications
Segments
Transport segments share traffic stream

28. Transport to Network Layer
End-to-end segments
Routed packets

29. Physical and Data Link Layers
ICRC_revision_11.3
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.

30. Physical and Data-Link Standards
(bits,
signals,
clocking)
Data Link
(frames)
Separate physical and data link layers for LAN and WAN

31. LAN Data Link Sublayers
Network
Data Link
Physical
The Logical Link Control (LLC) manages communications between devices over a single link of a network

32. LAN Data Link Sublayers
Media Access Control
Network
Data Link
Physical
MAC
The Logical Link Control (LLC) manages communications between devices over a single link of a network
MAC refers downward to lower-layer hardware functions

33. Physical and Logical Addressing

34. Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c

35. MAC Address
24 bits
24 bits
Vendor Code
Serial Number
0000.0c
ROM
RAM
Unique for each local area interface
48-bit addresses
Expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits
0000.0c12.abcd
First six hexadecimal digits contain manufacturer identification (vendor code)
Manufacturer IDs administered by IEEE
MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card

36. Internetworking Basics

37. Internetworking Basics

38. Internetworking Basics

39. Internetworking Basics

40. Internetworking Basics

41. Wide-Area Networks and Devices
WANs are designed to:
Operate over geography of telecommunication carriers
Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
Control the network subject to regulated public services
Provide full-time and part-time connectivity
Connect devices separated over wide, even global, areas
Router

42. Local-Area Networks and Devices
LANs are designed to:
Operate within a limited geographic area
Allow multiaccess to high-bandwidth media
Control the network privately under local administration
Provide full-time connectivity to local services
Connect physically adjacent devices
ATM Switch
Bridge
Hub
Ethernet
Switch
Router

43. LAN Technology Overview
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
FDDI
Dual Ring

44. ETHERNET CABLE
Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe in The standard IEEE802.3 specifies the Ethernet protocol.
There are several versions of Ethernet.
Category 5 cabling is currently the most prevalent wiring in existing buildings.
Latest versions are Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps), and 10 Gigabit Ethernet is coming.

45. ETHERNET CABLE
T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

46. ETHERNET CABLE
T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

47. ETHERNET CABLE
RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable

48. ETHERNET CABLE

49. Crossover cable use

50. ‘Straight Through' cable use

51. ETHERNET CABLE

52. Ethernet Cable Tips A straight-thru cable has identical ends.
A crossover cable has different ends.
A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting two hubs.
A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green set.
Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are always solid colored.
Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right, and pin 1 is on the left.
No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be susceptible to crosstalk.
Maximum Cable length for including connectors is 100 meters (or about 328 feet).

53. Cisco Icons and Symbols