1. Balancing Chemical Equations What goes in must come out!

2. Key facts In chemical reactions new substances are made. A reaction can be summarised in a word equation or a symbol equation. The total mass of reactants is the same as the total mass of products in a reaction A symbol equation must be balanced as no atoms are created or destroyed.

3. Balancing Chemical Equations Balancing a chemical equation is much like the work of an accountant who has to show every penny that comes in and where it has gone to.

4. Because of the principle of the Conservation of Matter, an equation must be balanced. It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides. Lavoisier, 1788 Chemical Equations

5. In a chemical reaction… The mass of all the reactants (the substances going into a reaction) must equal the mass of the products (the substances produced by the reaction). Reactant + Reactant = Product

6. Balancing equations You can never change a formula when balancing an equation. You can only put a number in front of a formula. Lets consider how to show 2 molecules of CO 2 : C 2 OX CO 4 X C 2 O 2 X 2CO 2

7. First you need an equation with the correct “formulae” ………. You’ll probably be given this in the question Just like this one Mg + O 2  MgO Then all you do is list the atoms that are involved on each side of the arrow Mg + O 2  MgO Mg O Mg O

8. [1] Just count up the atoms on each side Then start balancing: Mg + O 2  MgO Mg O 1 1 1 2 [2] The numbers aren’t balanced so then add “BIG” numbers to make up for any shortages And adjust totals Mg + O 2  MgO Mg O 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

9. Mg + O 2  MgO Mg O 1 2 2 2 2 But the numbers still aren’t equal, so add another “BIG” number 2 And adjust totals again NOW BOTH SIDES HAVE EQUAL NUMBERS OF ATOMS WE SAY THAT THE EQUATION IS BALANCED!! 2

10. Try to balance these equations using the same method: [1] Na + Cl 2  NaCl [2] CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O [4] Al + O 2  Al 2 O 3 [3] Li + HNO 3  LiNO 3 + H 2

11. How did you get on?? [1] 2 Na + Cl 2  2 NaCl [2] CH 4 + 2 O 2  CO 2 + 2 H 2 O [4] 4 Al + 3 O 2  2 Al 2 O 3 [3] 2 Li + 2 HNO 3  2 LiNO 3 + H 2 Here are the answers:

12. Example NH 3 + O 2 NO + H 2 O Reactants Products N appears once on both sides in equal numbers, so the coefficient for NH 3 is the same as for NO.

13. Example: NH 3 + O2 NO + H 2 O Next look at H which appears only once on each side but has different numbers of atoms, 3 on the left and 2 on the right. The least common multiple of 3 and 2 is 6, so rewrite the equation to get 6 atoms of H on both sides: 2NH 3 + O 2 NO + 3H 2 O

14. Example: 2NH 3 + O2 NO + 3H 2 O There are 2 oxygen atoms on the left and 5 on the right — the least common multiple of 2 and 5 is 10, so rewrite the equation as: 2NH 3 + 5O 2 4NO + 6H 2 O

15. Now count the atoms on each side: 2NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O Write them out keeping them on the appropriate side of the chemical equation 2 N (nitrogen atoms) 4 N (nitrogen atoms) 6 H (hydrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms) “YET” This shows the equation not to be balanced “YET”

16. Check the number again: If you double the N and H on the left the equation will be balanced: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

17. Double-check: 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 4 N (nitrogen atoms) 4 N (nitrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms) 12 H (hydrogen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms) 10 O (oxygen atoms) The equation is Balanced

18. Balancing Practice Interactive site: click on the link below and practice your newly learnt skills! http://education.jlab.org/elementbalancing/in dex.html http://education.jlab.org/elementbalancing/in dex.html

19. More practice If you would like some more practice – Here is another site: http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/ EquationBalancing.htm http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/taters/ EquationBalancing.htm Remember to check your answers at the end – using the check button at bottom.