1. AGENDA  Review Sunni/Shia split  9.2 Reading Quiz  Golden Age Questions  Start Studyguide  Homework:  Completed studyguide due next class  Islam Test Monday, 12/21

2. ISLAM December. 2015 Ms. Costas & Ms. Marino World History I

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS  How did Islam grow out of Mecca?  What are the principle teachings of Islam?  How was Islam both a religion and a political entity?  How did the expansion of empires contribute to the spread of Islam?  What led to different sects of Islam?  What achievements were made by the Islamic Empires?

4. ISLAM AT A GLANCE  Monotheistic  Allah (“God” in Arabic)  Sacred text: Qur’an  Followers of Islam: Muslim  Many different branches of Islam

5. LIFE ON THE ARABIAN PENINSULA  Harsh land, vast desert  Occupied by bedouins = nomads  Trade routes converged at A.P.  Rise in merchant towns  Mecca = merchant town  Trade center  Religious function  Kaaba o Polytheistic center of worship

8. LIFE OF MUHAMMAD  Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca  Worked as a merchant  Married at 25  Unhappy with greed and corruption in society  610 CE: He is meditating, has revelation from Angel Gabriel o Speaks messages from Allah  Muhammad determines he is the prophet

9. MUHAMMAD’S TEACHINGS  Receives many messages  Written down = Qur’an  Preaches God’s words, gains following  Criticized worship of pagan gods; Allah was only true god  Muhammad was seen as a threat to authorities  His safety is in jeopardy

10. MUHAMMAD’S TEACHINGS  622 CE: Muhammad flees to Medina  Journey known as Hijra o Becomes first year of Islamic calendar  Builds followers, faith is known as Islam  Meccans fought Muhammad’s followers  By 630 CE Muhammad controlled Mecca

11. PRINCIPLE BELIEFS OF ISLAM  The revelations Muhammad received were transcribed into the Qur’an  Sacred text of Islam  Believed that only in Arabic can one understand the full meaning and beauty of the text

12. THE QUR’AN’S LAWS  Five Pillars of Islam  1 st Pillar - Shahada  2 nd Pillar - Salat  3 rd Pillar - Zakat  4 th Pillar - Sawm  5 th Pillar - Hajj

13. FIVE PILLARS POSTER  In groups, you will create a poster for one of the five pillars of Islam  Your poster should include:  Explanation of the Pillar o Meaning/Significance o Traditions/Rituals  Picture/Illustration  Neatly – with good quality  Posters will be presented

14. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM December 2015 Ms. Costas & Ms. Marino World History I

15. WHO SHOULD SUCCEED MUHAMMAD?  After the death of Muhammad:  Why was determining a successor to Muhammad such a difficult problem for the early Muslim community?  Explain the different claims of legitimacy made by Ali and Abu Bakr.  What separated the Sunni and Shi’ite Muslims?

16. CONFLICT RECAP: SUNNI 1. Abu Bakr 2. Umar 3. Uthman (Umayyad clan) 5. Mu’awiya (Umayyad clan) 6. Yazid (Umayyad clan) Successor to Muhammad: Caliph SHI’ITE 4. Ali “7”. Husayn (Muhammad’s Grandson) Successor to Muhammad : Imam

18. DIVISION IN ISLAM  Sunni Muslims – “way of the Prophet”  Collective wisdom of the community  Imams are prayer leaders  Shi’ite Muslims – “party of Ali”  Leader should be relative of Muhammad  Imams interpret religious issues & can take on political roles – “true successors to Muhammad”

19. DIVISIONS IN ISLAM  Sufis – mystical/ascetic sect of Islam  Reaction to worldliness of Umayyads  ** Can be Sunni or Shi’ite  Focused on personal relationship with God over rituals and outward practices – perfect worship  This can involve meditation, breathing exercises, music, and dancing

20. WHAT IS AN EMPIRE?  Empire : a major political unit having a territory of great extent or a number of territories or people under a single sovereign authority  Characteristics of Empires:  Large territory  Actively looking to expand and conquer  Cultural pluralism – diversity in people, ethnicity, religion, etc., within its borders  Centralized government  Caliphate: the Islamic Empire’s territory

22. UMAYYADS (680 – 750)  Sunni Muslims  Capital = Damascus  Empire stretched from India to Spain, including North Africa and Middle East  Cannot conquer Byzantines  No forced conversions – social rankings according to:  Muslims  Christians & Jews  Everyone else

23. UMAYYAD'S – WHY SO SUCCESSFUL?  Nomadic society – mobile and skilled at fighting on the move  Directing aggression outward reduced old tribal conflicts  Anything gained from conquest divided equally among community  “Allah is on our side in battle” – converts non- believers in Arab community

24. WHY CONVERT?  Political and financial benefits  Inter-marriage  Muslims cannot enslave other Muslims  Easy to follow – most could perform 4 of the 5 Pillars of Faith  Salvation & brotherhood

25. ABBASIDS (750 – 935)  Coup by the Abbasid clan and other Umayyad enemies  Culture expands  Capital = Bagdhad  Many more converts  Trade & Scientific achievements  Decline – decadence of caliph and out of touch with population  Trouble spots in empire lead to rebellion  Smaller groups take control – “empire” not united

26. END OF UNITY