1. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

4. 1. Napoleonic Wars  1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”]  1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental System”] Napoleon declared his own paper blockade of the British Isle and barred British ships from ports under French control.  1806  Britain issued the “Orders in Council.”  1806  Britain issued the “Orders in Council.” edicts that closed European ports to foreign shipping unless they stopped first in a British port  1807  Milan Decrees:  1807  Milan Decrees: ruled that neutral ships that complied with the British orders in council were subject to seizure when they reached continental ports QHorribly awkward for the US because if they followed wither Decree they offended someone. OR they could just stop trading Q1808-1811  Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors.

5. 2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair” QJune 21, 1807. QBr. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake. Q3 dead, 18 wounded. QBr. Foreign Office said it was a mistake. QJefferson’s Response:  Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.  Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

6. 3. The Embargo Act (1807) The “OGRABME” Turtle Passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England's industry to grow.

7. Presidential Election of 1808

8. James Madison Becomes President An advocate for a strong federal government Composed the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights “Father of the Constitution.” In 1792, Madison and Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic-Republican Party, which has been called America’s first opposition political party. Served as his secretary of state. In this role, he oversaw the Louisiana Purchase from the French in 1803.

9. Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset One of Washington, D.C.’s most successful hostesses, she used her social skills, charm and personal popularity to win over her husband’s political opponents and help advance his career. Helped define the role of first lady by working with local charities & organizations on social issues important to her and overseeing the decoration of the executive mansion (White House) She is probably best remembered for saving the White House’s historic Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington from certain destruction by advancing British troops during the War of 1812.

10. 4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) QReplaced the Embargo Act. QRemained U. S. policy until 1812. QUnexpected Consequences:  N. Eng. was forced to become self- sufficient again [old factories reopened]. (Improved NE Economy)  Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.  Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

11. 5. Br. Instigation of Indians British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh Tecumseh (1768-1813) He took part in a series of raids of Kentucky and Tennessee (Ohio River Valley) frontier settlements in the 1780s, and emerged as a prominent chief by 1800. Tecumseh transformed his brother’s religious following into a political movement, leading to the foundation of the Prophetstown settlement in 1808. After Prophetstown was destroyed during the Battle of Tippecanoe, The Shawnee chief fought with pro- British forces in the War of 1812 until his death in the Battle of the Thames

12. QGeneral William Henry Harrison  governor of the Indiana Territory. QInvited Native Indian chiefs to Ft. Wayne, IN to sign away 3 mil. acres of land to the US government. QTecumseh organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to fight for their homelands. QTecumseh’s brother fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe. QThis made Harrison a national hero! [1840 election  Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!] Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

13. “War Hawks” Henry Clay [KY] John C. Calhoun [SC] Many young congressmen from the new western states. These “War Hawks” called for war against Britain, not so much for violations at sea since their states had no sea ports, but because they believed that the British were inciting Native American uprisings in their region. Perhaps more importantly, many of these new politicians sought to seize Canada from Britain and possibly even Florida from Spain, a British ally.

14. Presidential Election of 1812

15. “Mr. Madison’s War!” Congress — for the first time in American History — voted to declare war against another nation. War of 1812, Federalist called it “Mr. Madison’s War,” especially when, in 1814, the war was going so badly (British invaded Washington, D.C., and burned down several government buildings, including the White House War was popular/ unpopular depending where you lived Governors of most New England states refused to allow their state militias to join a campaign beyond state boundaries.

16. American Problems QThe US was unprepared militarily:  Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships.  Americans disliked a draft  preferred to enlist in the disorganized state militias. QFinancially unprepared:  Flood of paper $.  Revenue from import tariffs declined. QRegional disagreements.

17. Overview of the War of 1812

18. 3 U. S. Invasions of 1812 7.5 million people lived in the United States, compared to only about 500,000 in Canada, many of whom were of French or American descent rather than British The British controlled the Great Lakes and were therefore better able to move troops and supplies. In most cases the small number of US troops, the inability to control native allies, Militiamen’s unwillingness to leave the US, and general oddities resulted in a failed invasion of Canada The Americans did captured York (now Toronto) & burned several government buildings there

19. Campaigns of 1813 The last of its troops left Canada in 1814 after evacuating and blowing up Fort Erie. A peace treaty signed the following month stipulated that all land captured by either side would be returned. In the aftermath of the war, both sides fortified the border in preparation for future fighting, but it never came A grand reconciliation ball was even held on the Detroit frontier. The U.S. and Canadian armies have not fought each other since and have become strong defense allies.

20. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

21. Gave proof through the night, That our flag was still there..

22. Attack on Ft. Oswego, 1814 Fort Ontario, which guarded Oswego, turned away one attack in 1813 but fell to a powerful British fleet with 1,000 troops on May 6th, 1814. Mitchell’s force of 290 soldiers and sailors with 5 small cannon, endured heavy artillery bombardments and fought until driven from the fort Although the British won the Battle of Oswego, they failed to capture enough material to slow completion of two powerful warships at Sacket’s Harbor, which later tipped the scales of naval superiority on Lake Ontario in favor of the US Navy

23. Hartford Convention December, 1814 – January, 1815 The meetings were held in secret (similar to the Constitutional Convention). Some discussion of secession was aired, but the major emphasis was to propose constitutional changes to prevent similar crises from occurring in the future The delegates drew up proposed amendments prohibiting embargoes of more than 60 days and barring the election of a president from the same state twice in succession (obviously aimed at the so-called "Virginia Dynasty"). The representation of slaves, even at the 3/5 rate embodied in the constitution, was to be ended. The defense of states was to be entrusted to their state governments and that the federal government should allocate some of its revenue for this purpose. The convention agreed to its demands on January 4, 1815, and determined that its emissaries should take them to Washington. It adjourned the following day

24. Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 All conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada Although the treaty said nothing about two of the key issues that started the war– the rights of neutral U.S. vessels and the impressment of U.S. sailors–it did open up the Great Lakes region to American expansion News of the treaty took almost two months to cross the Atlantic

25. The Battle of New Orleans, 1815 On January 8, 1815, a large British army attacked New Orleans and was decimated by an inferior American force under General Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) In two separate assaults, the 7,500 British soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham were unable to penetrate the U.S. defenses, and Jackson’s 4,500 troops, many of them expert marksmen from Kentucky and Tennessee, decimated the British lines. In half an hour, the British had retreated, General Pakenham was dead, and nearly 2,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or missing. U.S. forces suffered only eight killed and 13 wounded The Battle of New Orleans had no impact on the War of 1812, but catapulted Jackson to national prominence The American public heard of the Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent at approximately the same time, fostering a greater sentiment of self- confidence and shared identity throughout the young republic.

26. The Battle of New Orleans, 1815

27. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns Andrew Jackson went to Spanish Florida on the pretense of finding runaway slaves and hostile Indians. These Indians, known as the Seminole, and the runaway slaves had been trading weapons with the British throughout the early 1800s and supported Britain during the War of 1812. From 1817-1818, the United States Army invaded Spanish Florida and fought against the Seminole and their African American allies. Collectively, these battles came to be known as the First Seminole War Jackson essentially took over Florida. This put America in an awkward position and pushed a negotiation with Spain