1. History of Al Andalus In 711, an invading force of Muslims made up of Arabs from Damascus and Berber from North Africa defeated the Visigoth of Spain. This gave rise to the most brilliant civilization of early medieval Europe. By 714, the Moors were in control of all Spain, except for a narrow strip along the north coast. A rich and powerful caliphate (a kind of Islamic Republic) was established in Cordoba and mathematics, science, architecture and the decorative arts flourished. As time went by the Cordoba caliphate broke up into smaller kingdoms, as the Christian north regained some of the lost territories. In 1492, Ferdinand e Isabella re- conquered Spain, by defeating the last of the Islamic kingdoms: Granada.

2. This ended over 700 years of Islamic rules in Spain. The last of the Islamic palace, the Nasrid Palace at Alhambra in Granada fell into the possession of the Catholic Monarchs.

3. The Palace is only a part of the Alhambra,

4. which includes other palaces, gardens,

5. and even a fortress.

6. The Palace was built during the 13th and 14th centuries and reflects the culture of Muslims. Horse-shoe arches are widely used in particular around the courtyards.

7. Stalactite-like lantern ceilings are used in several chambers

8. There are extensive uses of stucco decorated with calligraphy

9. and intricate geometric patterns made in ceramic tiles.