1. Relations Between Human and Nonhuman Animals
Food, clothing
Pets, bird feeders
Entertainment
Zoos, hunting, fishing, bird watching, snorkling
Human incursions on animal habitats
Pest control
Flee spray, extermination, rodent control

2. Relations Between Human and Nonhuman Animals
Interdependence
Usage:
Agriculture: 8,539,848,000
Total research: 8,452,186
0.099% of total animals used

3. The Three R’s of Animal Research Russell & Burch, 1959
Replace animal testing with other techniques
Reduce the number of animals needed with statistical techniques
Refine the experimental procedure to reduce discomfort (“suffering”)

4. Alternatives to Animal Research
Naturalistic observations
Plants
Tissue cultures
Computer simulation

5. Issues Importance of considering the animal’s umweldt
Animal welfare vs animal rights
Anti-intellectual impact of restrictions on animal research