1. RECOGNIZING REDOX REACTIONS

2. EXAMPLE 1: Oxidation numbers are a convenient way of identifying redox reactions and also indicating which element is oxidized and which is reduced. Here's an example - the reaction between sodium metal and chlorine gas: 2 Na + Cl 2 → 2 NaCl It is often useful to write the oxidation number for every element, in every compound, above the element in the equation. Thus for our reaction we have: 0 0 +1 -1 2Na + Cl 2 → 2 NaCl Be sure to note that the balancing coefficients in the equation (the "2" in front of Na and in front of NaCl) do not affect the value of the oxidation numbers. We'll return to these coefficients soon.

3. A CHART IS A USEFUL WAY FOR US TO SUMMARIZE THE CHANGES IN OXIDATION NUMBER FOR EACH ELEMENT: element initial ox no final ox no change in electrons (e - ) oxidized or reduced Na0→+1lost 1 e - oxidized Cl0→gain 1 e - reduced

4. WE SEE SEVERAL IMPORTANT THINGS IN OUR TABLE: Since oxidation numbers did change, this was a redox reaction Na's oxidation number increased - from 0 to +1. An element becomes more positive by losing electrons. Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (LEO) Cl's oxidation number decreased, from 0 to -1, as chlorine gained electrons. Gain of Electrons is Reduction (GER)

5. TO SUMMARIZE: An increase in oxidation number indicates oxidation A decrease in oxidation number indicates reduction

6. EXAMPLE 2: Consider the reaction 2 Mg + O 2 → 2 MgO Determine oxidation numbers for all elements in every compound: 0 0 +2 -2 2 Mg + O 2 → 2 MgO Summarize the changes, determine the number of electrons transferred per atom, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced:

7. EXAMPLE 2: element initial ox no final ox no change in electrons (e - ) oxidized or reduced Mg0→+2lost 2e - oxidized O0→-2gain 2e - reduced

8. OXIDATION & REDUCTION AGENTS Reducing agent the substance that is oxidized. It allows another element to be reduced. Oxidizing agent the substance that is reduced. It allows another element to be oxidized. In our last example 2 Mg + O 2 → 2 MgO Magnesium was oxidized, therefore it was the reducing agent. Oxygen was reduced, therefore it was the oxidizing agent.

9. OXIDATION & REDUCTION AGENTS – EXAMPLE 3 By convention we often refer to the oxidizing agent and reducing agents as the entire compound the element is in, not just individual element. 0 +5 (N) +2 (Zn) +4 (N) Zn + HNO 3 → Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + NO 2 + H 2 O

10. SUMMARIZE: We see that HNO 3 is referred to as the oxidizing agent, not just N. One final thing to note in this example - notice that the nitrogen in Zn(NO 3 ) 2 did not undergo a change in oxidation number. element initial ox no final ox no e-e- oxidized or reduced Agent Zn0→+2lost 2e - oxidized reducing agent: Zn N+5→+4gain 1e - reduced oxidizing agent: HNO 3

11. EXAMPLE 4: Consider the reaction N 2 + 2H 2 → 2 NH 3 Determine oxidation numbers for all elements in every compound: 0 0 -3 +1 N 2 + 2H 2 → 2 NH 3

12. EXAMPLE 4: Summarize the changes, determine the number of electrons transferred per atom, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced, and identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent: element initial ox no final ox no e-e- oxidized or reduced Agent N0→-3gain 3e - reduced oxidizing agent: N 2 H0→+1lose 1e - oxidized reducing agent: H 2