3. Objective(s): SWBAT describe the concept of biodiversity, including how it is measured. SWBAT discuss how genetic diversity is created. SWBAT describe the four components of earth’s biodiversity. SWBAT describe the ways in which evolution can occur. SWBAT compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection. SWBAT summarize Darwin’s theory of natural selection. SWBAT differentiate between a fundamental niche and a realized niche. SWBAT differentiate between a generalist species and a specialized species.

4. Ecosystem diversity- the variety of ecosystems within a given region. Species diversity- the variety of species in a given ecosystem. Genetic diversity- the variety of genes within a given species. Functional Diversity- energy flow & matter recycling needed for survival

6. Evolution- a change in the genetic composition of a population over time; depends on genetic diversity. Occurs in three ways: artificial selection, natural selection and random processes. Microevolution- evolution below the species level. Ex. Different varieties of apples Macroevolution- Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class or phyla.

8. Sexual reproduction leads to recombination of alleles through a process called crossing over. As a result, each individual in a population has a different combination of alleles. Without this genetic variation, evolution could not occur. (1 st step in biological evolution) What are the advantages to sexual reproduction vs. asexual reproduction? http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter3/animation__unique_features_of_meiosis.html

9. HMS Beagle (1831-1836) Began work on natural selection as a mechanism of evolution in 1830’s 1859 On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection 1858 proposed concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution Father of biogeography Wallace effect

11. Fossil Record: Helps tell the story of evolution Skeletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves Some forms of life leave no fossils, others decompose

12. Natural Selection favors any combinations of traits that improves an individual’s fitness. Fitness: an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce. Adaptations: traits that improve an individual’s fitness. A heritable trait that enables organisms to better survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions.

13. Natural selection: acts on individuals Second step in biological evolution Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction Genetic resistance When environmental conditions change, populations Adapt Migrate Become extinct

14. Individuals produce an excess of offspring. Not all offspring can survive. Individuals differ in their traits. Differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring. Differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.

15. Evolution by means of Natural Selection

16. Certain combinations of traits make individuals better able to survive and reproduce.

17. Three human adaptations Strong opposable thumbs Walk upright Complex brain

18. Tectonic plates affect evolution and the location of life on earth Location of continents and oceans Species physically move, or adapt, or form new species through natural selection Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions

21. A wide variety of edible plants has been produced from a single mustard species

22. Certain temperature range Dependence on water Rotation on its axis Revolution around the sun Enough gravitational mass

23. Speciation: Formation of two species from one species as a result of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions. Usually takes thousands of years; may happen faster with species with short life cycles and high reproductive rates. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlfNvoyijmo

24. Evolution creates new species via geographic and reproductive isolation.

25. The Grand Canyon is a great example of speciation.

26. If two separated habitats differ in environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, difference in predators), natural selection will favor different phenotypes in each habitat. If individuals cant move between the two populations, they become more and more genetically distinct from one another until they can no longer reproduce with one another. Reproductive Isolation: two populations can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring.

28. Mass extinction- when large numbers of species went extinct over a relatively short period of time.

29. Scientists feel that we are in our sixth mass extinction, occurring in the last two decades. Estimates of extinction rates vary widely, from 2% to 25% by 2020. In contrast to previous mass extinctions, scientists agree that this one is caused by humans.

30. Species richness- the number of species in a given area. Species evenness- the measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals.

31. Although both communities has the same number of species, community one has a more even distribution of species. Therefore, it is more diverse than community 2.

32. Phylogenies: the branching patterns of evolutionary relationships. Scientists organize species based on how closely related to one another they are.

33. Phylogenetic Tree: this one is a simplified version for vertebrates

35. Ecological Niche – Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem.

37. Generalist Species – species with broad ecological niches; they can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Examples: bears, mice, rats, flies, raccoons, cockroaches

38. Specialist Species – species with narrow ecological niches; may be able to live in only one type of habitat and tolerate only a narrow range of environmental conditions. **more likely to suffer from habitat loss or small environmental changes. Examples: tiger salamander, spotted owls

39. Native species Nonnative species; invasive, alien, or exotic species May spread rapidly Not all are villains

40. Indicator species – provide early warning signs of damage Can monitor environmental quality Trout Birds Butterflies Frogs

41. Habitat loss and fragmentation Prolonged drought Pollution Increase in UV radiation Parasites Viral and fungal diseases Climate change Overhunting Nonnative predators and competitors

42. Importance of amphibians Sensitive biological indicators of environmental changes Adult amphibians Important ecological roles in biological communities Genetic storehouse of pharmaceutical products waiting to be discovered

44. Keystone species Pollinators Top predator Foundation species Create or enhance their habitats, which benefit others Elephants Beavers

45. Keystone species Eat dead and dying fish in the ocean Strong immune systems Wounds do not get infected Almost never get cancer Could help humans if we understood their immune system