1. Decreased clouds and convection Decreased net radiation Increased albedo Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Decreased solar radiation absorption Increased solar radiation Figure 27.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. Decreased clouds and convection Decreased roughness length Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Increased aerodynamic resistance Figure 27.2 Increased surface temperature Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. 31 000 km 3 71 000 km 3 464 000 km 3 421 000 km 3 37 000 km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean 108 000 km 3 137 000 km 3 443 000 km 3 410 000 km 3 28 000 km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean Desert planetGreen planet Figure 27.3 Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 125 W m -2 75 W m -2 23 W m -2 18 W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 9.1  C Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 130 W m -2 52 W m -2 8 W m -2 62 W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 7.9  C Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 23456 Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference (W m -2 ) Latent Heat Sensible Heat -1.5 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 23456 Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference (  C) Air Temperature Surface Temperature 9-13 August 1988, 1100 local time Figure 27.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. Figure 27.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. Figure 27.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Overgrazing Less rainfall Decreased clouds and convection Subsidence Decreased net radiation Surface cooling Increased albedo Drought Reduced vegetation cover Figure 27.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. Figure 27.8 0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.5 -2 -3 -0.5 Precipitation Difference (mm day -1 ) -0.5 20W10W010E20E30E40E50E 20N 15N 10N 5N5N EQ Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. Figure 27.9 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid Annual Precipitation (mm) AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Annual Albedo 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop Annual Precipitation (mm) 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 Annual Albedo Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop 1094116 6131086 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. Figure 27.10 -100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100 1950195519601965197019751980198519901995 Annual Rainfall Anomaly (mm per year) Observed Atmosphere-Ocean Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Atmosphere-Ocean-Land-Vegetation Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Forest Woodland Open Woodland Mallee Saltbush Grassland Crops Pasture 500 km North Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Remaining Woodland Remaining Forest Remaining Mallee Some Tree Loss Greatest Tree Loss Other Vegetation Unchanged North 500 km Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane 162 533 143 124 64 40 Area (thousand km 2 ) 58 199 324 82 54 349 Area (thousand km 2 ) Figure 27.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. Legend 1, trees to shrub 2, trees to grass 3, shrub to trees 4, shrub to grass 5, sparse to shrub 6, sparse to grass Figure 27.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E Figure 27.13 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E <-40 W m -2 >20 W m -2 <-20 W m -2 -5 to -10 W m -2 >10 W m -2 >0.8  C>0.2  C<-0.2  C January Temperature DifferenceJuly Temperature Difference January Latent Heat Flux DifferenceJuly Latent Heat Flux Difference Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14. Figure 27.14 VegetationSoil texture Soil colorDeforestation 1, lightest; 8, darkest Coarsest: 1, sand Finest: 12, clay Evergreen broadleaf tree Deciduous broadleaf tree Deciduous shrub Crop Tall grass Short grass Semi-desert Surface air temperature (  C)Soil surface temperature (  C) Precipitation (mm)Evapotranspiration (mm) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 051015202530 Days Since Rainfall Evapotranspiration (mm) Pasture Forest 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Incoming (S  ) Reflected (S  ) Net Upward Longwave (L  -L  ) Net Radiation (S  -S  +L  -L  ) Radiative Flux (MJ m -2 day -1 ) Solar Radiation Forest Pasture 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec Diurnal Temperature Range (  C) Pasture Forest 060012001800 Local Time (hours) 0 2500 500 1000 1500 2000 Boundary Layer Height (m) Pasture Forest Figure 27.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16. Dry Soil Low Transpiration Shallow Roots Winter Hemisphere (dry season) Summer Hemisphere (wet season) Increased Precipitation Moister Air More Convection Strengthened Circulation Increased Soil Water Increased Transpiration Deep Roots Equator Winter Hemisphere (dry season) Summer Hemisphere (wet season) Equator Precipitation Intertropical Convergence Zone Wet Soil Figure 27.16 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

17. Present-day vegetation Grass (present-natural)Crop (present-natural) Broadleaf deciduous tree (present-natural) Needleleaf evergreen tree (present-natural) Figure 27.17 Broadleaf deciduous forest Needleleaf evergreen forest Mixed forest Forest crop Crop Grass Other Natural vegetation Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

18. Figure 27.18 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

19. LAI (m 2 m -2 ) Figure 27.19 LAI (m 2 m -2 ) -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 JFMAMJJASOND -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 JFMAMJJASOND -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 JFMAMJJASOND -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 JFMAMJJASOND -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 LAI (m 2 m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND -80 -40 0 40 80 120 Net Radiation (W m -2 ) 0 2 4 6 8 JFMAMJJASOND Forest Winter Forest Summer Grass Winter Grass Summer Grass Spring Forest Spring 0 1 2 3 4 ET (mm day -1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Forest Summer Forest Spring Forest Winter JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 0 1 2 3 4 ET (mm day -1 ) 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 Grass Summer Grass Spring Grass Winter Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

20. 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Land Covered By Green Vegetation 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Land Covered By Green Vegetation 8 April 2000 15 June 2000 Figure 27.20 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

21. 34 32 Fort Morgan 36 38 32 30 34 30 28 30 34 32 36 km Greeley Fort Collins Contour from 38 to 28 by 2 Surface temperature (  C) at 13:00, 1 August to 15 August 1986 36 Figure 27.21 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

22. Figure 27.22 Present-day Land Cover B1: 2100 Change from PresentA2: 2100 Change from Present B1: Land Use Temperature Difference (  C)A2: Land Use Temperature Difference (  C) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan