1. Essential Question:
What were the causes & effects of the unifications of Italy & Germany?
Warm-Up Question: ?

2. One important effect of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, & conquests by Napoleon was the growth of nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is the belief that people’s loyalty should be to the people in one’s country who share a common culture & history rather than a king or empire
Nationalism is the belief that people’s loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history

3. Nationalism inspired new demands for democracy (like France in 1848)
From the end of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, nationalism played a major role in European politics
Nationalism inspired new demands for democracy (like France in 1848)
Nationalism inspired calls for independence from weakening empires (like Greece from the Ottoman Empire in 1821)

4. Nationalism inspired people of similar cultures to unify & form new nations (like Italy & Germany in the 1870s)

5. Other areas were controlled by France or Austria
By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy was a divided region:
Other areas were controlled by France or Austria
Other regions were controlled by the Catholic Church
Parts of Italy were independent states

6. Unification was led by the Kingdom of Sardinia in northern Italy
From 1830 to 1871, the growth of nationalism led the unification of Italy
Unification was led by the Kingdom of Sardinia in northern Italy
The king of Sardinia named Camillo di Cavour as prime minister who hoped to unify Italy under Sardinian control

7. Cavour provoked & won a war with the Austrian Empire that allowed Sardinia to unify northern Italy
Meanwhile, a nationalist army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi unified all of southern Italy

8. In 1861, Garibaldi & Cavour agreed to unify the north & south under Sardinian rule
By 1871, all of Italy was unified & a constitutional monarchy was created to rule the new nation

9. Austria dominated these German states but the empire was weakening
Prussia used a powerful army & industry to lead the unification of Germany
39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation
Austria dominated these German states but the empire was weakening
By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Germany was a divided region:

10. Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck used tough power politics called realpolitik (any means necessary) to unify Germany under Prussian rule

11. To unify Germany, Bismarck led Prussia into a series of wars
In the Seven Weeks War in 1866, Prussia fought Austria which helped unify northern Germany under Prussia’s control
To unify Germany, Bismarck led Prussia into a series of wars

12. In 1867, Bismarck provoked war with France called the Franco-Prussian War which helped convince Catholics in southern Germany to unify with Prussia

13. In 1871, Bismarck successfully unified Germany though “blood and iron”
Bismarck had achieved Prussian
dominance over Germany and Europe
“by blood and iron.”
The King of Prussia became the Kaiser (emperor) of Germany
A German Parliament was formed & was led by a chancellor

14. By 1871, all the major European nations were formed
From 1815 to 1871, a major power shift had occurred
A Shift in Power
The 1815 Congress of Vienna had established five Great Powers in Europe—Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. In 1815, the Great Powers were nearly equal in strength. The wars of the mid-1800s greatly strengthened one of the Great Powers, as Prussia joined with other German states to form Germany. By 1871, Britain and Germany were clearly the most powerful, both militarily and economically. Austria and Russia lagged far behind. France struggled along somewhere in the middle. The European balance of power had broken down. This shift also found expression in the art of the period. In fact, during that century, artists, composers, and writers pointed to paths that they believed European society should follow.
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created a balance of power among European nations
By 1871, Britain & Germany were the most powerful nations militarily & economically