2. Europe Pre-1850 Napoleon Bonaparte  Napoleonic Wars (1800-1815) Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815  Preservation of power/monarchy The Legacy of the Congress... Peace for... “The Congress of Vienna failed, however, to foresee how powerful new forces such as nationalism would shake the foundations of Europe.” Depending upon location nationalism had many different effects upon the people of Europe...

3. Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. -The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of Nationalism... -Under Otto von Bismarck, Germany emerged as Europe’s most powerful empire... -All the while Western Democracies formed and grew in Britain and the United States...and France …

4. Building a German Nation In the early 1800s, German-speaking people, Austrians and Prussians lived in a number of small states..

5. Building a German Nation Under a Prussian, Otto von Bismarck, the German states were eventually united. Bismarck is considered the architect of German unity. In 1871, William I of Prussia took the title of kaiser (emperor) of Germany. In the aftermath of unification Germany emerged as an industrial giant. Germany had many advantages, its iron and coal deposits, along with a population surge...

6. Unifying Italy Although the people of the Italian peninsula spoke the same language, they had not experienced political unity since Roman times. By the early 1800s Italian patriots were determined to build a new, united Italy. Under the Congress of Vienna, Austria controlled northern Italy, the Hapsburg monarchs ruled various other Italian states, and the French Bourbons were put in charge of Naples and Sicily.

7. Unifying Italy Between 1820 and 1848 nationalist revolts exploded across the region – each time Austria sent troops to crush the rebels. Under the leadership of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy was united in 1861 with Victor Emmanuel II its king.

8. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires In Eastern and Central Europe, the Austrians and Ottoman Turks ruled lands that included diverse ethnic groups. Nationalist feelings among these peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe.

9. Russia: Reform and Reaction By 1815, Russia was not only the largest, most populace nation in Europe but also a great power. However, it remained economically undeveloped. Under Nicholas II, Russia entered the industrial age in the 1890s with railroads and industry. Poor social conditions however, saw Marxist ideas gain popularity. By 1914 Russia was still an monarchy, but one simmering with unrest…

10. Social and Economic Reform in Britain During the early and mid 1800s, Britain saw many reforms...for ex..... Banning slavery in all British colonies Reducing the number of capital offenses. Limiting the workday for women and children Regulating workplace safety Improving workers housing Establishing old-age pensions/unemployment insurance Granting suffrage to women 1 of 4 2 of 4

11. Expansion of the United States 1 of 6 2 of 6 3 of 6